Performing Legal Research: the Moldovan Experience

By Mariana Harjevschi and Svetlana Andritchi
Update by Mariana Harjevschi

Mariana Harjevschi is the director of the Public Law Library in Chisinau, a branch of the Municipal Library “B.P.Hasdeu”. She holds a Master’s in Library Science and Information Assistance and a Master’s in Journalism from Moldova State University. She is also an assistant lecturer at the Faculty of Library and Information Assistance. She attended training courses for law librarians granted by Constitutional Legal Policy in 1999 and 2002 (Budapest, Hungary) and 2000 (Moscow, Russia).

Svetlana Andritchi is the Chief of the Digital Information Department of the Public Law Library in Chisinau. She holds a Master’s in Library Science and Information Assistance from Moldova State University, and attended “Training the Law Librarian” courses in 2002 (Latvia, Riga).

Please note that all links to legislation present the original text, no updates are included.

Published May 2005

Read the Update!

Update to an article previously published on LLRX.com on August 15, 2002

<http://www.llrx.com/features/moldova.htm>

Table of Contents

The Framework of the Moldovan Legal System

Introduction

The Historical Roots of the Moldovan Legal System

Moldovan Constitution and Legal Authorities

Sources of law (printed materials)

Curtea Constitutionala [Constitutional Court]

Curtea Suprema de Justitie [Supreme Court of Justice]

Curtea de Apel [Court of Appeal]

International treaties

Features of the Moldovan Legal Information System

Legal Publishing Activity

Law libraries

Law librarians

Access to Legal Information Electronically

The Framework of the Moldovan Legal System

Introduction

In presenting a background of a legal system it’s considered more pertinent and rational to attempt to introduce its main attributes and peculiarities using a multifaceted examination. Therefore, the purpose of the present article is to provide information that can efficiently aid in legal research concerning the Moldovan legal system. The following issues are included in a descriptive way: the structure of the state; division of authorities; and classification of law sources and legal education. Also, it selectively focuses on legal information systems, but with no pretension of being exhaustive.

The electronic legal environment in Moldova is under continuing development, thus using printed resources is more accessible and still remains a reliable and accurate source for doing legal research. The present article emphasizes on major printed primary legal documents and provides an insight of secondary legal materials. All citations include legal materials written in Romanian and Russian, as no authorized translations in foreign languages are publicly available for using.

The Historical Roots of the Moldovan Legal System

Historically, the Moldovan legal system has been categorized as a legal system in the civil law family. Geographic reasons also lead one to note that Moldova’s legal system should fall within the civil law family, mixed with Germanic features. However, during Soviet times the Moldovan legal system was adjusted to the Soviet Union’s legal norms, representing an overlap of the Soviet and Continental legal systems. Beginning in 1990, the legal system was reformed in order to harmonize it according to national historical traditions and European legal models.

On July 28, 1994, the Moldovan Parliament approved a new constitution, declaring Moldova a Republic as well as declaring its enduring neutrality. The new document transformed Moldova into an independent, democratic state. Moreover, during 2003 the new Moldovan Civil Code, Penal Code, Civil Procedural Code and Penal Procedural Code were adopted, and those from Soviet times being abrogated. Accordingly, the entire legal institutional system underwent changes. The entire list of Codes can be viewed here.

Currently, the judicial system is divided into three branches: ordinary Courts, Courts of Appeal and the Supreme Court. Accordingly, the petition process is carried out through the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Justice. In previous years, the Supreme Court of Justice could selectively examine judicial cases passing a complex procedure, but nowadays all petitioners can apply to the highest level. This move tremendously changed and expanded petitioner’s rights.

Moldovan Constitution and Legal Authorities

Constitution

The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova officially represents the supreme law for the system of Moldovan legislation. No laws, other legal acts or regulations in contradiction with the provisions of the Constitution may have any legal power. Such a legal hierarchy assumes the subordination of normative acts of a lower level to normative acts of a higher level and, ultimately, to the Constitution as the normative act of the highest legal power. All modifications have to pass a prolonged and specifically defined legislative process, its supremacy being guaranteed by the Constitutional Court.

Constitutia Republicii Moldova [The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova] was adopted on July 29th 1994 and published in Monitorul Oficial (Official Gazette) 1^st from August 12, 1994. Latest update of the Constitution was published in Monitorul Oficial 106-111/502 from 07/14/2006.

Constitutional Court

The Constitutional Court is the sole and highest authority of constitutional judicature in Moldova. It is a unique constitutional judicial body, independent from the executive, legislature and judiciary branches; it decides constitutional cases and deals exclusively with constitutional issues of the law. It consists of six judges nominated for six-year terms. Two judges are appointed by Parliament, two by the Government and two by the Magistrate Council.

President

The President of Moldova is an impartial power with basic supervisory and guaranteed functions. The President is elected by Parliament for a four year term and is eligible for re-election. He has numerous functions involving both legislative and executive powers. In connection with the legislative branch of government, his powers include the promulgation of legislative acts and regulations, and suspension of the promulgation of legislation by requesting its re-examination. In terms of executive functions, powers include the nomination of the Prime Minister. Further roles include the power to conduct negotiations and conclude international treaties on behalf of the Republic of Moldova, accrediting official representatives of Moldova in other countries, and decreeing diplomatic missions abroad.

The president is elected by three fifths of the votes of selected deputies from the Parliament. If any of candidates proposed do not obtain necessary quantity of votes, a second round of voting takes place between the two nominees with the highest percentages.

Legal Authorities

The Legislative Power

According to the Constitution, which was adopted on 29th of July 1994, the Parliament is the supreme representative organ and the single legislative authority of the state.

The Moldovan Parliament is a unicameral assembly, considered the supreme representative authority of the people and the sole legislative body of the state. It consists of 101 members elected by universal suffrage for a four-year term, who hold the permanent professional activity. Parliament may also meet in extraordinary or special meetings at the specific request of the President of the Republic of Moldova, of the President of Parliament or of a third of the members.

Parliamentary leadership consists of a chair and two deputy chairs elected by the delegates. The work of Parliament is carried out by fifteen permanent committees, which have purview in the following areas: agriculture and rural social development, crime prevention, culture and religion, ecology, the economy and the budget, foreign affairs, health and social assistance, human rights and relations among nationalities, law, legislative ethics, local administration and the local economy, public relations and the mass media, science and education, state security and military affairs, and women and family issues.

The structure, organization and functioning of the Parliament are set out by its Internal Rules. The Moldovian Parliament consists of a standing bureau, parliamentary fractions and commissions sharing the following powers: to pass laws, decisions and motions; to declare the holding of referendums; to provide legislative interpretations and ensure the legislative unity of regulations throughout the country; to approve the main directions of the state’s internal and external policy; to approve the state’s military doctrine; to exercise parliamentary control over executive power in the ways and within the limits provided for by the Constitution; to ratify, denounce, suspend and abrogate the action of the international treaties concluded by the Republic of Moldova; to approve and control the national budget; to supervise and control the allocation of State loans, the aid of an economic or other nature granted to foreign countries, the conclusion of agreements concerning State loans or credits obtained from foreign sources; to elect and nominate State officials as foreseen by law; to approve the orders, medals and awards of the Republic of Moldova; to declare partial or general mobilization of the armed forces; to declare the state of national emergency, martial law, and war; to initiate investigations and hearings concerning any matters touching upon the interests of society and to suspend the activity of local institutions of public administration under the law.

The executive branch

The Government is the highest authority of executive branch. The role of the Government is to carry out the domestic and foreign policy of the State and to apply general control over the work of public administration. The Government structure consists of a Prime Minister, a first vice-prime-minister, vice-prime-ministers of ministries and other members as determined by organic law. The president, after consultations of parliamentary factions names a nominee for the post of prime minister. The candidate for the post of prime minister in 15-days time asks Parliament to express a vote of confidence to the program of activity and all structure of the Government. The President of Moldova, on the basis of a vote of confidence expressed by Parliament appoints the Government. Within three days from the date of purpose of the Government the prime minister, its assistants, each of ministers and other members of the Government take before the President of Republic Moldova the oath of office, the text of which is stipulated by the Constitution.

Ministries constitute the state’s specialized agencies: Ministry of Economy , Ministry of Finances, Ministry of Transportation and Road Administration, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Labor Social Protection and Family, Ministry of Culture , Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Natural Resources, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Information Development, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Construction and Regional Development, Ministry of Health.

The judicial branch

The judicial authority in Moldova is exercised through the court system, regulated by the Constitution and specific laws. According to the new legislation on the judicial system, justice is carried out by the following judicial institutions: the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal and ordinary courts. For separate categories of actions of proceeding, specialized courts (economic, military, etc.) can operate according to the law.

The Supreme Court of Justice is the highest court of law, and ensures the correct and unitary implementation of laws by all courts of law in Moldova. The organization and functioning of the Supreme Court of Justice is regulated by a special Law on the Supreme Court of Justice.

The official periodical published by the Supreme Court is “The Supreme Court Bulletin” (Buletinul Curtii Supreme), which appears on a monthly basis.

The Court of Appeal is the supreme instance concerning ordinary ways of appeal. Its influences extend to civil and criminal issues. The Court of Appeal considers the appeals against the decisions pronounced in first instance, as well as in other cases provided by law.

Ordinary courts

The courts operate in the sectors established by Parliament under the offer of the Highest Magistrates Council. Extra courts may be established in some cities, villages (communes), on a case by case basis. The ordinary courts consider all cases and requests, with the exception of those that are, in accordance with the law, under the jurisdiction of other courts of law.

The judges sitting in the courts of law are appointed by the President following a proposal submitted by the Higher Magistrates Council.

The military court is part of the specialized judiciary courts that administer justice, according to the law, within the military forces.

The military courts administer justice for the protection of any kind of assault on state security, the capacity to fight and defense of the military forces, and the rights and freedoms of servicemen. The military courts system comprises military courts and Departments of the Court of Appeals and of the Supreme Court of Justice. Besides criminal cases, the military courts also consider civil cases involving military units, cases involving natural persons and legal entities concerning the pecuniary damages occurred as a result of the military offences.

The Economic Court is a specialized court and is a part of the judicial system of Moldova established to administer justice in cases deriving from economic relations between natural persons and legal entities. The economic court has the duty to safeguard the rights and legal interests of natural persons and legal entities during their entrepreneurial activity and other relations of economic nature, as well as for the correct and uniform application of the legislation in the field of the economy.

The Prosecutor’s Office is the supervisory body for the due observance of law in the Republic of Moldova. The Prosecutor General and the public prosecutors under him exercise control over the exact and uniform enacting of laws by public administration authorities, by the legal entities and natural persons as well as by their associations, according to the Constitution. The Prosecutor’s Office defends the legal order, the rights and freedoms of citizens and supports the enforcement of justice under the law. By its activity, the Prosecutor’s Office supports the maintenance of rule of law, its exact and uniform inaction in order to consolidate the legality and the defense of the rights and freedoms of citizens. It exercises its powers as an autonomous body in the legal bodies’ system.

Information and Security Service is a state organ that focuses its activity in the sphere of safeguarding the state security. It is coordinated by the President of the Republic of Moldova in accordance with the parliamentary control.

The Police, placed in the service of the courts of law by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, ensure the watch of the premises, of other goods of the courts of law, the security of judges and of other participants at the proceedings, public order in the headquarters of the court and during the hearings; hands down summons to the parties, witnesses, debtors, and to other persons, brings them compulsory to the court, exercises the control of the people at the entry and the exit of the court, including the bodily control, under the conditions of the law, assists the judicial executors; and fulfils other tasks connecting to the justice-making process.

The Audit Court controls the ways of creating, administering and utilizing public financial resources. It is composed of seven members. The President of the Audit Court is appointed for a five year term by Parliament on proposal submitted by the President of Parliament. The Audit Court submits annually to Parliament a report on the administration and utilization of public financial resources.

Sources of law

Primary sources

Introduction

Statutory laws are created by the legislature (Parliament), which is the sole body (unicameral) endowed with the powers to pass them. The law is structured hierarchically, with the Constitution at the top, then codes and at the bottom of the hierarchy, executive laws. According to their importance and legal value, the laws are divided into tree categories: constitutional, organic and ordinary.

During 1960-1990 laws were published in an official journal called Vestile Sovietului Suprem RSS Moldovenesti, issued by the supreme authority – Sovietul Suprem. After Moldova became an independent country all Moldova’s laws started to be published in Monitorul Parlamentului Republicii Moldova (1991 through July 1994). Since August 1994 till present the Official Gazette became Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, which is currently the major source of all legislative documents and is considered the major official publication. The Official Gazette is published in two parallel issues (Moldovan and Russian versions) by State Informational Agency – Moldpress and begins the numbering from August 1994. Issues are published on a base of passing a certain amount of enforced laws (ex. weekly). The following structure is characteristic for all Official Gazette issues, even it differs from one issues to another according to the legislation that was enacted:

Part I – Legi, hotariri ale Parlamentului Republicii Moldova, decrete ale Presedintelui Republicii Moldova [Statutes, Decisions of Parliament and Presidential Decrees].

Also includes Constitutional Court decisions and Court of Accounts.

Part II – Hotariri ale Guvernului Republicii Moldova [Decisions and Regulations of Government of the Republic of Moldova]

Also includes documents of Central Electoral Commission.

Part III – Acte normative ale ministerelor, departamentelor si Bancii Nationale [Acts of ministries, departments, commissions and agencies. Acts of National Bank]

Also includes acts of State Commission for National Securities, National Agency of

Energetic Reforms.

Part IV – Publicatii ale agentilor economici [Publications of Business Agents]
Part V – Pierderi de documente [Lost documents]

Codes

The entire law system is composed of the legal norms included in the enactments adopted by the Parliament. The enactments in Moldova’s legal system are the main and almost only law source and within these, the law holds the supremacy.

Codification, in civil law system, is a complex systematization and a unitary concept of legal norms that usually comprises in a unitary system the most important norms of law of several areas of legal system. All codes are published initially in the Official Gazette and all updates continue to be included correspondingly in late editions. Government agencies or state organizations or private companies can print selectively the codes, as well as in separate publications and as a rule must make references to the code published in the Official Gazette.

CRIMINAL CODE

Codul Penal al RM. Legea RM 985-XV from 04/18/2002. In Monitorul Oficial, 128-129/1012 published on 09/13/2002. Last revision 02.03.2009

CIVIL CODE

Codul Civil al RM. Legea RM 1107-XV from 06/06/2002. In Monitorul Oficial, 82-86/661 published on 22/06/2002 Last revision 07.09.2008

CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Codul de Procedura Penala al RM. Legea RM 122-XV from 03/14/2003. In Monitorul Oficial 104-110/447 published on 06/07/2003 Last revision 12.17.2009

CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE

Codul de Procedura Civila al RM. Legea RM 225-XV from 05/30/2003. In Monitorul Oficial 111-115/451 published on 06/12/2003 Last revision 12.17.2009

CODE OF LAND USE

Codul Funciar al RM 828 –XII from 12/25/1991. In Legi Hotariri adoptate la Sesiunea a opta a Parlamentului Republicii Moldova de legislatura a 12-ea, V. 1 Editie parlamentara. Chisinau: Universitas, 1992 Last revision 06.21.2007

CODE OF SUBSOIL

Codul subsolului al RM, Legea RM 1511-XII from 06/15/1993. In Monitorul Oficial nr.11/135 published on 11/30/1993 Last revision 02.02.2009

CODE OF EXECUTIONS OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONS

Codul de executare a sanctiunilor de drept penal al RM. Legea RM 1524-XII from 06/22/1993 in Monitorul Oficial in 1/1 from 01/30/ 1994 Last revision 12.24.2004

CODE OF WATER

Codul apelor al RM, Legea RM 1532-XII from 06/22/1993 In Monitorul Oficial 10/287 from 10/30/1993 Last revision 12.14.2007

CODE OF CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION

Codul jurisdictiei constitutionale al RM. Legea RM 502-XIII from 06/16/1995. In Monitorul Oficial 53-54/597 from 09/28/1995 Last revision 10.23.2008

CODE OF FORESTRY

Codul silvic al RM, Legea RM 887-XIII from 06/21/1996. In Monitorul Oficial 4-5/36 from 01/16/1997 Last revision 07.21.2005

CODE OF INCOME TAX

Codul Fiscal al RM. Legea RM 1163-XIII from 04/24/997. In Monitorul Oficial 62/522 from 09/18/1997 Last revision 12.17.2009

CODE OF ELECTIONS

Codul electoral al RM. Legea RM 1381-XIII from 21/11/1997. In Monitorul Oficial 81/667 from 12/08/1997 Last revision 06.15.2009

CODE OF COMMERCIAL NAVY

Legea RM pentru aprobarea Codului navigatiei maritime comercial 599-XIV from 09/30/1999. In Monitorul Oficial 1-4/2 from 01/11/2001

CODE OF CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION

Codul vamal al RM. Legea RM 1149-XIV from 07/20/2000. In Monitorul Oficial 160-162/1201 from 12/23/2000 Last revision 12.17.2009

CODE OF FAMILY

Codul Familiei al RM. Legea RM 1316-XIV from 10/26/2000. In Monitorul Oficial 47-48/210 from 04/26/2001 Last revision 05.29.2008

LABOR CODE

Codul Muncii al RM. Legea RM 154-XV from 03/28/2003. In Monitorul Oficial 159-162/648 from 07/29/2003 Last revision 11.20.2008

CODE OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION

Codul transportului feroviar al RM. Legea RM, nr. 309-XV from 07/17/2003. In Monitorul Oficial 226-228/892 from 14.11.2003 Last revision 05.26.2005

CODE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION

Codul cu privire la stiinta si inovare al RM. Legea RM 259-XV from 07/15/2004. In Monitorul Oficial 125-129/663 from 07/30/2004

CODE OF EXECUTION

Codul de executare al RM. Legea RM 443-XV from 12/24/2004. In Monitorul Oficial 34-35/112 from 03/03/2005 Last revision 12.17.2009

CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRAVENTIONS

Codul cu privire la Contraventii Administrative al RM from 03/29/1985. In Vestile RSSM 3/1985 Last revision 02.03.2009

Commentaries

CONSTITUTION

Constitutia Republicii Moldova: comentata articol cu articol: Vol. 1: Titlul I Principii generale. (2000). Chisinau: CIVITAS

PENAL CODE

Codul Penal: Comentat si adonotat (2009). Chisinau: Sarmis

Codul Penal: Comentat si adonotat (2005). Chisinau: Cartier juridic

CODE OF PENAL PROCEDURE

Codul de procedura penala: Comentariu (2005). Chisinau: Cartier juridic

CIVIL CODE

Comentariul Codului civil al Republicii Moldova. Vol. I. (2005) Chisinau. Editura Arc

Comentariul Codului civil al Republicii Moldova. Vol. II (2006) Chisinau. Editura Arc

Court reports

The Moldovan legal system, similar to other civil law countries, does not recognize legal precedent as stare decisis. Thus, court reports are not given weight in the process of determining legal rules of decisions; and there is no legally recognized case law, since courts are only authorized to administer the justice system and, in some cases, to interpret the law.

Deciziile Curtii Constitutionale [Constitutional Court Decisions]

The Constitutional Court publishes annually, the “Curtea Constitutionala: Culegere de hotariri si decizii” (Constitutional Court: “Rulings and decisions). The first volume was issued in 1998, with the reports commencing officially in 1995, February 23rd, when the Constitutional Court was founded. Court reports are compilations of judicially decided cases, decisions and reports, published simultaneously or previously in Gazette Official and are arranged according to court competencies or decisions significances. (Available online)

Puscas, Victor (2007). Curtea Constitutionala: Culegere de hotariri si decizii 2006. Chisinau: Cartdidact
Puscas, Victor (2006). Curtea Constitutionala: Culegere de hotariri si decizii 2005. Chisinau: Balacron
Rusu, V. (Ed.) (2005). Curtea Constitutionala: Culegere de hotariri si decizii 2004. Chisinau: Reclama
Puscas, V. (Ed.) (2004). Curtea Constitutionala: Culegere de hotariri si decizii 2003. Chisinau: Museum
Rusu, V. (2003) Curtea Constitutionala: culegere de hotariri si decizii 2002. Chisinau: Museum.
Lozovanu C. (Ed.) (2002). Curtea Constitutionala: Culegere de hotariri si decizii 2001. Chisinau: Cartier juridic
Lozovanu, Constantin (Ed.) (2001). Curtea Constitutionala: Culegere de hotariri si decizii 2000. Chisinau: Tipografia Centrala
Lozovanu C. (Ed.) (2001). Curtea Constitutionala: Culegere de hotariri si decizii 1999 / resp. C. Lozovanu, L. Popa. – Chisinau: Tipografia Centrala.
Susarenco, Gheorghe (Ed.) (1999). Curtea Constitutionala: Culegere de hotariri si decizii 1995 – 1998. Chisinau: Garuda Art

Deciziile Curtii Supreme de Justitie [Supreme Court of Justice Decisions]

The following publications are issued annually with selective decisions. The content is presented according to the civil and criminal cases. (Available online)

Poalelungi, Mihai (Ed.) (2008) Culegere de practica judiciara a Colegiului civil si de contencios administrativ al Curtii Supreme de Justitie (2007). Chisinau. Cartier
Poalelungi, Mihai (Ed.) (2007) Culegere de practica judiciara a Colegiului civil si de contencios administrativ al Curtii Supreme de Justitie (2005-2006). Chisinau. Cartier
Sterbet, Valeria (Ed.) (2006) Curtea Suprema de Justitie. Hotariri explicative (oct. 2003-dec.2005). Chisinau. Cartier
Sterbet, Valeria (Ed.) (2002). Culegere de hotariri ale Plenului Curtii de Justitie (mai 1974 – iulie 2002). Chisinau. Tipografia Centrala [It contains 24 decisions of the Supreme Court from May, 1974 – March, 1996 and 43 decisions the Supreme Court of Justice from December, 1996 – July, 2002]
Puscas, Victor (Ed.) (2000). Sinteza practicii judiciare (1989-1999). Chisinau: Tipografia Centrala [It includes selective Civil and Criminal decisions of the Court from January, 1989 through August, 1996 and September, 1996 through December, 1999]

Deciziile Curtii de Apel [Court of Appeal Decisions]

Since 2003 (according to the law 191-XV din 08.05.2003) the judicial system was reorganized and the Court of Appeal (considered republican or national) was dissolved and five new territorial courts (Curti de Apel raionale) were institutionalized – Chisinau Court of Appeal, Balti Court of Appeal, Bender Court of Appeal, Cahul Court of Appeal, Comrat Court of Appeal and a specialized one Curtea de Apel economica (Economic Court of Appeal). No any publications were issued since 2002.

Curtea de Apel: Culegere de practica judiciara 2000-2001 (2002) Chisinau: Cartier juridic
Curtea de Apel: culegere de practica judiciara (Aprilie 1999-Mai 2000) (2000). Chisinau: Asociatia Judecatorilor din Republica Moldova; Centrul de drept
Curtea de Apel: culegere de practica judiciara (August 1996-Aprilie 1999) (1999). Chisinau: Garuda Art

International treaties

Tratate internationale la care Republica Moldova este parte 1994 – Chisinau: MOLDPRESS – is the official publication that includes all treaties to which Moldova is a party. It has 38 volumes from 1990 till present. The publication founders are Ministerul Afacerilor Externe al RM [Ministry of External Affaires] and Ministerul de Justitie al RM [Ministry of Justice] and it is published officially by MoldPress Agency.

Secondary Sources

Law Reviews

Typically, Law Schools, State Departments, Private Agencies and non-Governmental Organizations are major institutions that publish Law Reviews. The major distinction between them is content, scope and target audience to whom they are addressed. Accordingly it could be classified in five types of publications:

Academic publications, similar to peer reviewed, usually published by universities called Anale stiintifice. One distinctive feature is the control of editorial policy management by professors and student editors (ex. Studia Universitatis. Seria Stiinte sociale etc.). These publications are generally published annually with a very limited circulation (100 exemplars) as the parent institution subsidizes them. These publications can also be divided in student-edited and faculty-edited law reviews (ex. Symposia Profesorum or Symposia Studentum by Free International University) or according to subject interests (private and public law: ex. Analele stiintifice ale Academiei „Stefan cel Mare” a Ministerului Afacerilor Interne a Republicii Moldova. Seria Drept Privat);
doctrinal legal journals, which contain only scientific articles and typically lies in the depth to which they analyze and criticizes a particular topic and have an extensive footnote references (ex. Revista de filosofie si drept, Revista nationala de drept, Justitia constitutionala, Drept moldovenescXXX);
legal bulletins, regularly published by state departments, legal authorities for public, in order to keep updated with legal, state and official information (ex. Buletinul Curtii Supreme de Justitie, Buletinul Consiliului National al Magistraturii);
legal publications, usually contains valuable sources of fast-breaking legal developments (ex. Legea si Viata)

There are no other publications published by Bar Associations. The only one, that can substitute is issued by the Law Center called Avocatul Poporului, whose primary purpose is to comment on recent or pending legislation.

Concurrent with the general developments of the law, some legal journals could be named as specialized reviews: Revista de Stiinte Penale [Review of Criminal Science], Dreptul Muncii [Review on Labor Law]. The following publications are considered the most distinguished interdisciplinary journal: Revista de Filosofie si Drept.

Reviews are arranged in alphabetical order according to the Romanian language.

Studia Universitatis. Seria Stiinte sociale (previous title Analele stiintifice ale Universitatii de Stat din Moldova [Scientific Review of the State Moldova University] was first published by the Facultatea de Drept (School of Law) from the Universitatea de Stat din Moldova (Moldova State University) in 1946. It’s published on an annual basis. Law area is included in Seria Stiinte socioumanistice (Social and Humanities Sciences Section). The journal draws topics upon the law school faculty’s academic specialties and law degree programs. The journal publishes articles presented by a range of distinct scholars. (Here is the online version of the review)
Analele stiintifice ale Universitatii de Stat din Moldova. Lucrari studentesti [Scientific Review of the State Moldova University: Student Works] was first published by the Universitatea de Stat din Moldova [Moldova State University] in 1997. It is published on an annual basis. Law area is included in a Law Division that includes topics upon the law school faculty’s academic specialties and law degree programs. Authors, as a rule are students, usually those with high academic merit and it basically presents articles in collaboration with academic advisers.
Analele stiintifice, Academia Ministerului Afacerilor Interne al Republicii Moldova [Scientific Review of the Ministry of Internal Affaires] is published annually under the School of Law from the Police Academy. The law journals are comprehensive and multidisciplinary in approach and address a full range of legal issues in the field of public and private law and represent a groundbreaking approach to scholarly publications at this institution. The school publishes one general title comprising common works, and two issues according to public and private law divisions. (Here is the online version of the review)
Analele Universitatii Libere Internationale din Moldova [Scientific Annuals of Free International University] was launched in 1996 by the parent institution the Universitatea Libera Internationala (Free International University), and publishes annually contributions from professors and M.A. /PhD students. Articles on all legal topics are considered, including national private law and public law, as well as international law. It has two sections, that are published separately the Symposia Profesorum, that compasses peer review articles presented by professor and university honor members from the School of Law. All areas of law are included and Symposia Studentium contains articles presented by Master Degree students from the School of Law. All areas of law are included.
Avocatul poporului [People’s Attorney] has been published continuously since 1991 by Asociatia Avocatilor din RM (The Attorneys Association from RM) and it is devoted to the study and analysis of current legal issues and problems with practical approach for attorneys. Occasionally foreign legal experts (from USA, UK, Germany, Holland etc.) can contribute articles and commentaries.

· Buletinul Curtii de Apel Economice si Inspectoratului Fiscal Principal de Stat de pe langa Ministerul Finantelor [Bulletin of Economic Court of Appeal and the State Fiscal Inspectorate from the Ministry of Finances] presents explanations and commentaries on the laws concerning business areas. It is a monthly supplement of the Legea si viata Review.

· Buletinul Curtii Supreme de Justitie [Bulletin of the Supreme Court of Justice] is a monthly issue published by the Ministry of Justice since 1996 in Moldovan and Russian. It appears as a supplement to Legea si viata. It provides commentary and explanations of the Supreme Court of Justice decisions and also includes randomly selected examples of civil and criminal trial cases applied within the Supreme Court of Justice from Moldova and the European Court of Justice.The Bulletin publishes entirely all normative acts and standards that regulate court activities, prosecutors and attorneys’ offices. It includes reference of national and international literature that concerns court practices. Certain issues include interviews with court officials and a public forum addresses different latest issues deliberated in Court.

Dreptul municii [Review of Labor Law] is a monthly peer-reviewed legal journal in Romanian and Russian languages since 2006.
Justitia Constitutionala [Constitutional Justice] represents a scientific publication specialized mainly in constitutional law published by the Curtea Constitutionala a RM (Constitutional Court of the RM). First issue was launched in 2003 as a monthly supplement of the Legea si viata Review.
Mesagerul Ministerului Muncii si Protectiei Sociale [Bulletin of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security] presents explanations and commentaries on the laws concerning labor and social security area. It is a monthly supplement of the Legea si viata Review.
Reforma penala [Penal Reform] is a publication of the Institute of Penal Reform since 2002 (Here is the online version of the review)
Revista de Drept de Azil si Drept Umanitar [Review of Asylum and Humanitarian Law] is a publication of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees since 2003.

· Revista de Filosofie si Drept [Review of Philosophy and Law] was founded in 1990, by Institutul de filosofie, sociologie si drept al Academiei de Stiinte (Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Legal Studies from the Academy of Science) the Revista de Filosofie si Drept is one of the nation’s few law reviews devoted exclusively to theoretical discussion of contemporary ideas on diverse law issues. It publishes three issues per year.

· Revista Institutului National al Justitiei [The Review of the National Institute of Justice] is a practical and scientific publication that appears quarterly. (Here is the online version of the review)

· Revista moldoveneasca de drept international si relatii internationale [Moldavian Journal of International Law and International Relations] published by the Institute of History, State and Law of the Academy of Sciences from Moldova. (Here is the online version of the review)

The Revista Nationala de Drept [National Review of Law] is a legal monthly periodical edited and managed by the Faculatea de Drept (School of Law) from the Universitatea de Stat din Moldova (Moldova State University) in cooperation with Academia de Drept (The Law Academy), Universitatea Libera Internationala (The Free International University) and Uniunea Juristilor (Lawyers’ Union). The primary objective of the Law Review is to serve as an informational resource for practitioners, members of the judiciary, legal scholars, and law students. Includes law articles and legal studies from different areas of law written by Moldovan legal experts as well in Romanian and Russian. First year of publication is 2000.
Revista de Stiinte Penale [Review of Criminal Sciences] is published by the Institute of Criminal Legal Reform has established a new specialty law review (2005) focused specifically on criminal law and policy. The Revista de Stiinte Penale is a valuable resource for academics and researchers specialised in criminal law, for professionals concerned with criminal procedure, criminal justice, politics and penology. The institute publishes one issue each year. (Here is the online version of the review)

Indexes

These publications include two volumes and two supplements having the update on January 1st 2002. The first volume contains an index to all statues, decisions of Parliament, Government, president Decrees, etc. Second volume encompasses an index of all Constitutional Decisions, Supreme Court Decisions and International Treaties to which Moldova is a party. The supplement contains an update version of previous issues from January 1st till May 16th 2002. The second supplement compasses an index of all laws from May-October 2002 (this issue is missing from LL).

Agenda juristului: documentari in legislatia Republicii Moldova (anii 1990-2001) Vol. I. Oronante ale Guvernului. Hotariri ale Parlamentului. Decrete ale Presedintelui. Hotariri ale Guvernului. Alte acte normative (2002). Chisinau: Bons Offices S.R.L
Agenda juristului: documentari in legislatia Republicii Moldova (anii 1990-2001) Vol II: Curtea Constitutionala. Plenul Curtii Supreme de Justitie. Tratate Internationale (2002). Chisinau: Bons Offices S.R.L.
Agenda juristului: Supliment ianuarie-aprilie 2002 (2002). Chisinau: Bons Offices S.R.L.
Agenda juristului: Supliment mai-octombrie 2002 (2002). Chisinau: Bons Offices S.R.L.

Legal Education

The Moldavian legal education system comprises both state and private institutions, which include secondary (colleges) and higher professional (academies, universities) institutions.

The major state universities have law departments – Moldova State University at Chisinau, State University from Cahul, and the State University at Balti. Beside these, there are law departments or law faculties at private universities, such as Free International University of Moldova.

Students at both state and private institutions have to pass an admission test. Studies last for three years for Bachelor Degree and two years for Master Degree. Students also have the possibility to graduate at full-time and part-time program at law departments. After graduations, candidates must pass an examination at the Attorneys’ Union in order to become an advocate.

Those who are striving to pursue an academic activity have a possibility to continue their education and scientific research at the postgraduate level with master’s degrees and a doctorate.

The National Institute of Justice was opened on November 9th in 2007. The National Institute of Justice is a modern facility for training and advanced training of candidates for the position of judge and prosecutor, continuing training of judges and prosecutors, and others who contribute to the administration of justice.

Features of the Moldovan Legal Information System

There is enormous work to be undertaken in the legal information system in Moldova; it is recognized that without well-structured legal information system adequate legal research can’t be efficiently performed. Chaotic publishing activity, mediocrity in legal content publications, obstacles regarding the access to legal information, and deficiencies and inadequacy in finding legal information on the web are the predominant vicissitudes that encompass nowadays the legal information system in Moldova. The negative impact in conducting an efficient and effective legal research is also influenced by the absence of academic law libraries, along with shortage of law librarians and trained legal information specialists.

Legal Publishing Activity

Moldova’s laws issued by the Parliament are published weekly in the official journal called Monitorul Oficial which is printed in Romanian and Russian. Therefore the primary print resources are a government concern and their publication is handled by a State Agency. In addition to Monitorul Oficial, all codes are published separately by different publishing houses.

Statistically, a minimal amount of doctrinal legal publications are published annually; in the year 2000, the legal publishing industry development increased significantly comparing with previous years, but still could be characterized by an inherent unpredictability in publication activity, lack of uniform publication strategy and mainly a lack of specialized legal publishing houses. Occasionally ordinary publishing houses will publish legal books, but the lack of specialization hurts the overall legal communities’ research needs. As the main source for collection development is the Romanian and Russian publishing market, this from a practical legal point of view doesn’t express usefulness. Exceptionally the appropriateness and helpfulness can occur for comparative analysis for theoretical matters, as Romanian and Moldovan legal system are similar, but the legislation itself differs.

The major institutions for the publication of legal materials are still the universities, where the law school faculties are involved in publishing as a part of their academic responsibilities. Thus, law schools, under the undergoing policy of academic research, are publishing adequate textbooks and monographs to support legal study in the academic environment. This characteristically occurs only in certain universities where financial assistance supports the scientific research. The State Moldova University, Free International University and Police Academy are some of the best examples of where this takes place in Moldova.

Compared to textbook and monograph publications, periodicals are seen in more positive light. During the 1990s, several professional publications were offered for the legal community: in Romanian Revista de Drept, Revista de drept privat, and Russian Business i pravo, Pravo. Additionally major law schools have their own law reviews, the most common type of legal academic work – Analele Stiintifice is published annually.

Legal electronic publishing is currently evolving to meet the high standards found in the rest of Europe. Only Practica Judiciara offers access to several legal journals from Moldova and Russia.

The legal practitioner-oriented literature is much more developed and this is explained by the idea of profit making. This type of literature is published randomly by various publishers, but heavily used by the law community.

Sporadic financial assistance is available occasionally for legal publications from international organizations, such as the SOROS-Moldova Foundation, ABA CEELI and others.

In spite of difficulties that arise, the legal publishing activity of secondary legal publications is passing an invigorating period, a range of publishing houses are striving to launch specialized collections in the law field (ex. Cartier Juridic). Besides the content quality of literature the overall publishing graphic is also remarkably improving.

Law libraries

Unique to Moldova, there are generally no specific law libraries within law schools. Legal collections represent an integral part of the whole library collection.

Academic libraries, both public and private, have neither uniform development collection policies nor sufficient financial support. Accordingly the scarcity of resources in these particular situations hampers effective legal research. As a result, this situation negatively affects the Moldavian studying and teaching process in law field.

As mentioned before, the library collection of legal materials, especially secondary materials, is not well balanced or consistent. This situation has specific corollary: Romanian literature is appropriate for Moldavian research as both countries belong to the same civil law family even though the legislation background is different, with exception to the enacted Moldovan Civil Code, Penal Code, Civil Procedural Code and Penal Procedural Code. Russian literature is considered partially propitious because of historical similarities between legal systems, and as well as analogous with primary legal sources and their practical interpretations. It should be mentioned that major law schools which are concentrated mainly in state capitals and accordingly financially supplied still have a lack of primary and secondary legal materials.

Unfortunately in Moldova law libraries within legal offices or legal institutions are poorly developed or even worse for no existing at all. Essentially, only state legal institutions (for instance The Parliament, The Supreme Court etc.) are supplied with a library or legal information center, and only then do they include primary resources and reference books.

However, conditions may be improving. The Law School from the State University of Moldova recently opened an independent Legal Information Center, separate from the Main Library, which has a comprehensive collection, and is also equipped with computer facilities connected to legal databases.

The Parliamentary Library serves as an in-house reference library for Parliament members. The library was opened in 1978 with the mission of building a collection mainly of primary sources. Currently it contains more than 11,400 titles.

Courts traditionally own law libraries containing primary sources, while not all of them have access to legal databases.

At the beginning of the year 2000, an interest from the legal community in creating a specialized library in the field of law gave rise to the opening of a Public Law Library, with financial assistance from the Moldova Soros Foundation and Legal Institute from Budapest. The library’s mission is to ensure that necessary legal information and documents are accessible to any person interested particularly in Moldovan law – practicing lawyers, law students from different educational institutions, state institution employees and other interested persons providing them with the opportunity to not only make use of its extensive holdings of books and journals but also the on-line and local legal databases and Internet information resources accessible at the library. The library’s informational and documentary policies are based on the principle of the public library: legal information for everyone and an academic library accessible for the legal community, and its target audiences could be implied from its name – public and legal community.

Access to legal documents and data in rural areas stands in stark contrasts to the developments seen in major Moldovan cities- no law collections are offered for public.

Law librarians

Due to the underdeveloped legal information system, there is a shortage of legal information specialists in Moldova. The deficiency of librarians with expertise in legal research makes the process of conducting a legal research problematic. Also the development of the law library, more exactly the law collection, is in the situation of balancing the amount of books comparing with the other fields of study within the university which impacts the resources that can be devoted solely to law. Library stacks are not open to the users and tend to function in a traditional way. This, respectively, tends to negligence of the law library as an independent entity and minimizes its importance for the legal information system in general.

A significant action took place at the University Library at the International Free University. In order to facilitate legal research, a “legal and business reference librarian” was appointed. This approach is considered a relatively new concept in Moldovan librarianship.

In spite of the appeals of librarians from Moldova dealing with legal information issues, an association of law librarians has not yet formed.

Access to Legal Information Electronically

The legal materials on the internet became more present. A big success in 2007 was the development of the online bilingual legal-reference system called Registrul de Stat al Actelor Juridice a Republicii Moldova. It was considered the basic tool of decision-making on legal questions for all legal community members. It included Moldova’s legislation and also the whole collection of international treaties.

Jurist is the official and most reliable legal fee based database concerning that only Moldovan legislation is the fee based, offered by MoldLex . It is more extensively comprehensive, as it includes also cases from the Supreme Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal. Additionally it contains access to legal periodicals. It contains legal legislation since 1989, including codes and international treaties to which Moldova joined both in Romanian and Russian languages. The database includes the following information sections:

Laws, statutes and Codes;
Parliament decisions;
President decrees;
Government orders;
Constitutional Court decisions;
Acts of ministries;
International treaties.

The database functions in parallel as an archive of the past laws and updated versions of legal documents. Also each legal act includes the list of laws that affects or making brings changes. The entire database is classified according to the General Legal Qualifier.

The search can be made according to the following criteria:

to several sections;
to the General Legal Qualifier;
under all acts or the chosen type;
under number or number and date of acceptance;
by date of or to a time interval;
under number and date of the publication;
according to logical expression of words (search is carried out according to the name or in the text of the act)

Recently the Jurist database merged with Practica Judiciara that contains Moldova’s judiciary practice and includes the following information sections:

explanation decisions of the Appellate court;
practice on criminal and administrative cases;
practice on civil cases;
practice of the European Court under human rights;
explaining decisions of the Supreme Courts of other countries;
theory on criminal and administrative topics;
theory on Civil topics;
Other documents on jurisprudence.

The database structure and search mechanism is similar to Jurist database. The updating process is carried out in an automatic mode weekly through internet and it is accessible on payment base.