MERCOSUR Legal Research – Sources and Documents

By Gloria Orrego Hoyos and Mariel Romani

Gloria Orrego Hoyos has a law degree from the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia. She has a Masters in Constitutional Law and Human Rights from the Universidad de Palermo in Buenos Aires and a postgraduate degree in Library and Information Management from the Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She is currently a professor in the Legal Research Methods course in the Law Department of the University of San Andrés and, in the same course at the Universidad Torcuato DiTella (UTDT). For 10 years she worked at the Max von Buch Library of the University of San Andrés in Buenos Aires as head of the reference services. She currently serves as a legal reference at the General Secretariat of Training and Jurisprudence of the Public Defender’s Office.

Mariel Romani is an Argentine librarian in charge of the Serials library at the Max von Buch Library at the Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina. She assists faculty in their research and oversees legal reference and information literacy at the institution.

Published March/April 2024

(Originally published by Edgardo Rotman,[1] subsequently updated by Euyelit Moreno in January/February 2010, and by Gloria Orrego Hoyos & Mariel Romani in July/August 2018)

See the Archive Version!

1. Background

On March 26th, 1991, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay signed the Treaty of Asunción, establishing “Mercosur,” an acronym for Mercado Común del Sur (Art. 1) that took effect on December 31, 1994. The purpose of the agreement was to set up a common market and eliminate trade barriers among the signatory parties.

There are many precedents to Mercosur. The first one was the creation of the unsuccessful Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) in 1960. In 1980, the Treaty of Montevideo replaced LAFTA with the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI).[2] This new integration initiative was based on a series of bilateral treaties within a flexible framework of multilateral tariff preferences, with no more success than its predecessor. Argentina and Brazil decided to approach a mutual integration process using a series of sectoral protocols, after the 1986 “Declaration of Buenos Aires,” followed by the 1988 Agreement on Argentine-Brazilian Integration,[3] which was joined by Uruguay and Paraguay.[4]

Currently, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia are associate members of Mercosur. Chile and Bolivia became associate members in 1996 and Peru in 2003. Mexico started talks over a bilateral agreement on tariff reduction with Argentina and aims to become an associate member of Mercosur.[5] Also, the Brazilian Senate approved last December the entry of Venezuela into the Common Market of the South. In this way, Brazil joined Argentina and Uruguay in endorsing Venezuela’s membership, while approval by Paraguay is still pending. In connection with these initiatives, Mercosur and the Andean Community initiated negotiations on the formation of a preferential trade area in 1995. The establishment of a comprehensive preferential trade area between these two customs unions could potentially be a major stepping-stone for the creation of a South American Free Trade Agreement. The result has been negotiations to achieve this objective through automatic tariff reductions and a maximum tariff reduction schedule of 15 years for the most sensitive products. Brazil’s strategic target is to establish a South American Free Trade Area that could be instrumental in the negotiations with the United States on the Free Trade Areas of the Americas.

In 2003, the Mercosur countries celebrated the 24th presidential summit in Asunción, Paraguay, celebrating its commitment to strengthen the political agenda and expand regional integration creating a genuine single market by 2006. Article 2 of the Asunción Treaty established reciprocity of rights and obligations between the State Parties to Mercosur. This common market would include the gradual elimination of all customs duties among its signatories, the creation of a common external tariff, the adoption of a common trade policy, and the harmonization of economic policies. On December 17th, 1994, the Protocol of Ouro Preto set up the institutional structure of Mercosur, which started to function in 1995.

The administration and implementation of Mercosur are entrusted to the Council of the Common Market and the Common Market Group (Art. 9 of the Asunción Treaty). The Common Market Council is composed of the member states’ ministers of foreign relations and ministers of economy (Art. 11). It is the most important and powerful Mercosur institution and is responsible for its political leadership and for decision-making to ensure compliance with the objectives and time frames set for the final establishment of the common market (Art. 10). The Common Market Group is the executive board of Mercosur. Composed of 16 members representing the foreign affairs ministries, the economic ministries, and the central banks of each of the countries, it has established its administrative headquarters in Montevideo, Uruguay. The Common Market Group branches out into the Trade Commission of Mercosur which is responsible for advising and enforcing trade policies, as well as setting directives; the Joint Parliamentary Commission in representation of the four Parliaments; the Economic and Social Consultation Forum which has representatives from the different economic and social groups, and finally the Administrative Secretariat, in Montevideo, which supports the whole operation and is responsible for advising the other offices of Mercosur. In addition, the Olivos Protocol established a Permanent Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals of arbitration awards.[6]

The Brasilia and Olivos Protocols establish Mercosur’s dispute resolution procedures and institutions regarding the interpretation, application, or failure to comply with the Asunción Treaty or any of its Protocols, Council Decisions, and Group Resolutions. The Olivos Protocol permits a dispute to be submitted, either by the complainant or by mutual agreement of the parties, to the dispute resolution systems of the World Trade Organization (WTO) or other preferential trade systems that the Mercosur State Parties may have entered into, as long as the parties to the dispute jointly agree on a forum.[7] This dispute resolution mechanism changed Mercosur by making arbitration awards appealable to the Permanent Appellate Tribunal. The Tribunal will decide the controversy based on the dispositions of the Treaty of Asunción, on the decisions of the Common Market Council, the resolutions of the Common Market Group, as well as on the principles and norms of international law, which apply to the matter.[8] The Tribunal must render its decision within 90 days.[9] The Mercosur dispute resolution system, even though strengthened by the addition of the Permanent Appellate Tribunal by the Protocol of Olivos, is still wanting because it lacks an effective mechanism to protect the rights of individual entities or persons and is limited to disputes exclusively arising among member states regarding the application of Mercosur norms.[10] Individuals may only file their claims with the National Chapter of the Common Market Group of the State Party where they reside. These claims are considered automatically concluded, with no further formal steps if the matter is not settled within 15 days from initial notice of the claim.[11]

Mercosur represents the third largest trading bloc in the world after the European Union and NAFTA (the FTAA is not considered because it is not fully active and has not been completed).[12] Its initial success brought about a reduction of around 95% of trade barriers among its members. Since the signing of the Asunción Treaty in 1991 inter-regional trade has almost tripled from 5.1 billion US dollars to 14.38 billion in 1995, while trade with the rest of the world increased from 67 to 120 billion US dollars (Merco Press, June 15, 2004). The automobile industry is one of the areas that especially boomed as a consequence of Mercosur. In the area of foreign direct investment, the member countries experienced major developments in the late 1990s, because of the process of privatization in telecommunications and investment in financial services. As of 2000, Mercosur’s GDP was $900.9 billion in US dollars.[13] The Protocol of Montevideo signed on December 15th, 1997 attempts to liberalize the trade in services, setting out a ten-year program, especially in the areas of financial services, insurance and professional services, satellite communications, and air transportation. Of all the member countries, Argentina has committed itself to a higher rate of liberalization than the other Mercosur countries.

Although Mercosur was to a certain extent inspired by the European Union model, it is not a supranational organization. Rather, Mercosur is an intergovernmental organization geared towards the creation of a common market, without discarding a future economic and monetary union, and even a common currency. Mercosur stands at an integration stage known as a customs union. A customs union is characterized by a common external tariff among members of the union as well as the elimination of barriers to trade between member states.[14] Mercosur has managed to eliminate most of the trade barriers in goods and services and achieved the establishment of a common external tariff, despite the historic rivalry of the members involved.[15] It has been questioned, however, whether Mercosur can accurately be termed a “customs union,” given its difficulties in maintaining its common external tariff because of the current economic problems of the countries involved.[16]

Pitou van Dijck and Marianne Wiesebron, editors of a significant retrospective study on the subject, determined that “by 1999 Mercosur had become the single largest destination of foreign direct investment among newly industrializing countries, larger even than China.”[17] An important reason for its success is the vast reserves of natural resources and energy provided by its members. Currently, economic crisis, currency volatility, and economic conflicts among member countries have made investments less attractive and the foreign direct investment flow has become unpredictable. The central theme appears to be in finding an equilibrium between macroeconomic stability and policy coordination to achieve successful economic integration.

The European Union and Mercosur are expected to confirm negotiations and free trade agreements. Although negotiations were suspended in 2004 because of fundamental differences in the trade chapter, political relations have nevertheless evolved, with an agreement made at the last Summit in Lima in 2008 to extend relations to three new areas, science, and technology, infrastructure, and renewable energy. Despite the desire to create an economic and trade area with significant political dimensions, there is caution because of fundamental differences with the European Union over certain sensitive issues, such as the agricultural subsidies of the industrialized nations. In addition, Mercosur and China will begin negotiating a free-trade agreement.[18]

Before presenting the sources, it is important to point out that research on Mercosur presents certain difficulties for the English-speaking researcher because a considerable amount of sources and information about Mercosur are available in Spanish and Portuguese and have not been translated into English.

2. Basic Documents

2.1. Organization and Structure

  • Agreement between Argentina – Brazil – Paraguay – United States of America – Uruguay concerning a council on trade and investment (done in Washington, June 19, 1991), 30 I.L.M. 1034 (1991).
  • Treaty between Argentina – Brazil – Paraguay – Uruguay establishing a common market (Mercado Comun del Sur or Mercosur) (done in Asunsión, March 26, 1991), 30 I.L.M. 1041 (1991).
  • The Protocol of Brasilia for the solution of controversies (done in Brasilia, December 17, 1991).
  • The Protocol of Ouro Preto (done in Ouro Preto, December 17, 1991).
  • The Protocol of Olivos (done in Olivos, February 18, 2002).
  • Protocol of Ushuaia (regarding Democratic Commitment in the MERCOSUR, done by Bolivia and Chile (July 24, 1998).
  • Protocol of Asunción regarding commitment and promoting the Human Rights Protection in the MERCOSUR. (June 20, 2005).
  • Constitutive Protocol of the MERCOSUR Parliament (Dec. 9, 2005).

2.2. Investment and Competition

2.3. Civil Procedure

2.4. Criminal Procedure

  • Plan de Cooperación y Asistencia Recíproca para la Seguridad Regional en el Mercosur (done in Buenos Aires). Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 5/98, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 297).
  • Protocolo de Asistencia Jurídica Mutua en Asuntos Penales (done in San Luis, June 25, 1996). Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 2/96, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 306).
  • onvención de Cooperación y Asistencia Recíproca entre las Administraciones de Aduanas del Mercosure Relativo a la Prevención y Lucha Contra Ilícitos Aduaneros. Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 1/97, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 318).
  • Acuerdo sobre Extradición entre los Estados Partes del Mercosur (done in Río de Janeiro, December 10, 1998). Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 14/98, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 337).
  • Acuerdo de Asunción sobre Restitución de Vehículos Automotores Terrestres y/o Embarcaciones que Trasponen Ilegalmente las Fronteras entre los Estados Partes del Mercosur (done in Montevideo, December 7, 1999). Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 16/99, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 325).
  • Memorandum de Entendimiento sobre Intercambio de Información y Asistencia Recíproca sobre Vehículos Automotores y Conductores de los Estados Partes del Mercosur, la República de Bolivia y la República de Chile (done in Montevideo, December 7, 1999). Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 14/99, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 333).
  • Convenio de Cooperación entre los Bancos Centrales de los Estados Partes del Mercosur para la Prevención y Represión de Maniobras Tendientes a la Legitimación de Activos Provenientes de Actividades Ilícitas. Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 40/00, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 349).
  • Agreement On Extradition Between Mercosur States Parties [Acuerdo Sobre Extradicion Entre los Estados Partes del Mercosur] (Dec. 10, 1998).
  • Agreement On Transfer of Convicted People Between Mercosur States Parties [Acuerdo Sobre Traslado de Personas Condenadas Entre los Estado Partes del Mercosur] (Dec 16, 2004).

2.5. Illegal Traffic of Minors

  • Complementación del Plan General de Cooperación y Coordinación Recíproca para la Seguridad Regional en Materia de Tráfico de Menores. Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 6/00, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 361).

2.6. Illegal Traffic of Immigrants

2.7. Transportation

  • Acuerdo sobre Transporte de Mercancías Peligrosas en el Mercosur. Mercosur/GMC/Dec. No 2/94, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 385).
  • Protocolo de San Luis en Materia de Responsabilidad Civil Emergentes de Accidentes de Tránsito entre los Estados Partes del Mercosur (done in San Luis, June 25, 1996). Reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 399).
  • Documentos de cada Estado Parte que Habilitan el Tránsito de Personas en el Mercosur. Mercosur/GMC/Res. No 75/96, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 405).
  • Acuerdo sobre Documentos de Viaje de los Estados Partes del MERCOSUR y Estados Asociados (done in San Miguel de Tucumán, June 30, 2008).

2.8. Trade in Services

2.9. Education

2.10. Consumer Rights

  • Protocolo de Santa María sobre Jurisdicción Internacional en Materia de Relaciones de Consumo (done in Santa María, November 20, 1996). Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 10/96, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 475).

2.11. Insurance

  • Condiciones Generales de Seguro de Responsabilidad Civil del Operador de Transporte Multimodal (OTM) en el Ambito del Mercosur – Daños a la Carga. Mercosur/GMC/Res. No 62/97, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 485).
  • Convenio de Cooperación entre Autoridades Supervisoras de Empresas Aseguradoras de los Estados Partes del Mercosur. Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 8/99, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 494).

2.12. Labor Law

2.13. Postal Agreements

  • Norma Relativa al control Aduanero del Intercambio Postal entre Ciudades Situadas en Región de Frontera (Res. GMC No 29/98). Mercosur/GMC/Res. No 21/99, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 530).

2.14. Trademarks

2.15. Social Security

  • Acuerdo Multilateral de Seguridad Social del Mercado Común del Sur (done in Montevideo, December 14, 1997). Mercosur/CMC/Dec. No 19/97, reproduced in Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001 (page 551).

2.16. Environment

2.17. Agreements Between Mercosur and Other Regional Organizations and States

3. Selected Materials

3.1. Books by Chronological Order

Most of the books cover a variety of subjects; the only exceptions are Sardegna’s work on labor law and Baigún and da Rocha’s study on economic crimes. On the other hand, there has been a fast development in many areas, making older literature less useful. On this basis, a chronological index seems to be the most appropriate format.

  • Gustavo Magariños, Uruguay en el Mercosur. Montevideo: Fundacion De Cultura Universitaria, 1991.
    • This book specifically deals with Uruguay’s participation in Mercosur and how it benefited from it. The author takes the position that Mercosur is not necessarily dependent on the larger countries and that its success is rather a result of the participation of all its members. He offers significant information concerning Mercosur’s role in the global arena and its relations with other common markets. It is important to point out in this regard that Uruguay and Paraguay refused any differential treatment concerning partners possessing larger economies.
  • Ana Maria M. De Aguinis, Empresas e Inversiones en el Mercosur. Buenos Aires: Abeledo-Perrot, 1993.
    • This book focuses on a comparative analysis of the basic economic law applicable to businesses located within the Mercosur member states. It exposes the advantages and alternative costs regarding investments, transference of utilities and capitals, societies and joint ventures, and tax matters, among other important topics to be considered by businesses and investors.
  • Associação Nacional Das Instituições Do Mercado Aberto, Relatório Econômico Mercosul. Rio de Janeiro, 1993.
    • This volume contains information about the market trends toward globalization; the origins of Mercosur, its organization, its monetary and fiscal policies; entrepreneurial relationships, including joint ventures and franchising; and the relations of Mercosur with the United States, the European Union, NAFTA, and GATT.
  • Luiz Olavo Baptista, Mercosul, A Estratégia Legal dos Negócios, Sao Paulo: Editora Maltese Ltda, 1994
    • This book discusses the economic perspectives of the business in MERCOSUR. It also analyzes the corporate structures that these businesses apply when dealing with the Member States.
  • Atilio Anibal Alterini, El Sistema Juridico en el Mercosur. Buenos Aires: Abeledo-Perrot, 1995.
    • This book contains and analyzes the general structure of the main and complementary instruments for Mercosur.
  • Atilio Anibal Alterini, La Mora en el Mercosur. Montevideo: Ed. Bibliografica Uruguaya, 1995.
    • This book analyzes the issues of the default, delay, and defaulted creditor, and proposes certain changes to transform the legislation on this topic in Mercosur.
  • Deisy de Freitas Lima Ventura, ed., O Mercosul em movimento. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 1995.
    • This book contains analyses of the following topics: relations with the European Union, joint ventures, environmental problems, administrative organs, automotive industry, agriculture, Brazil and the European integration, human rights, international commercial contracts, and transborder problems.
  • Jorge Pérez Otermin, El Mercado Comun Del Sur: Desde Asunción a Ouro Preto. Montevideo: Fundación de Cultura Universitaria, 1995.
    • This book is a legal analysis of Mercosur’s founding treaties, including the Asunción Treaty, the Brasilia and Ouro Preto Protocol.
  • Maristela Basso, Mercosul, Seus Efeitos Jurídicos, econômicos e políticos nos estados-membros. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado Ltda:1995
    • This book discusses the legal, economical and political effects of Mercosur among non-member states.
  • Miguel A. Sardegna, Las Relaciones Laborales en el Mercosur. Buenos Aires: Ediciones La Rocca, 1995.
    • After analyzing the socio-cultural dimension of Mercosur, including the migration of workers. This book covers the labor and social security legislation and their proposed harmonization. It also compares the Mercosur labor relations with those of NAFTA and the European Union.
  • Durval de Noronha Goyos, Jr., GATT, Mercosul & NAFTA. Brasilia: Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação, 2d, 1996.
    • This second edition considerably expands a series of papers and presentations made by the author on the basic legal, social, and economic issues involving GATT, Mercosur, and NAFTA. Its second edition includes the WTO and, in what concerns Mercosur, its legal structure and functional organization; common external tariff; rules of origin; partnership with the European Union; and agriculture and financial services.
  • Elizabeth Accioly Pinto de Almeida, Mercosul & União Européia, Estrutura Jurídico- Institucional, Curitiba: Juruá Editora, 1996
    • This book discusses the intent of Mercosur in becoming the second common market in the world, and in this way, taking the place of the European Common Market.
  • Vicente Guillermo Arnaud, Mercosur, Unión Europea, NAFTA y Los Procesos de Integración Regional. Buenos Aires: Abeledo-Perrot, 1996.
    • This book deals with Mercosur within a comprehensive study of several regional integration processes in America, Europe, and Asia. It has a very interesting historical section regarding American integration. It also includes a rich documentary supplement.
  • Masaaki Kotabe, Mercosur and Beyond: The Imminent Emergence of the South American Markets. Austin: Center for International Business Education and Research, 1997.
    • This book discusses various economic aspects of Mercosur as an emerging market in South America. Considering the broader South American context, it focuses on the following issues: Brazil as the largest economy in Latin America; Chile as an emerging market in Latin America; and the integration of Venezuelan and Colombian markets.
  • Ricardo Alonso García, Tratado de Libre Comercio, Mercosur y Comunidad Europea: Solución de controversias e interpretación uniforme. Madrid: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
    • The author discusses and compares the different methods through which NAFTA, Mercosur, and the European Union resolve controversies within their respective organizations.
  • Victor S. Antunes Correia, Estudos da Integração: Análise Jurídico-Política do Mercosul (11th Volume). Brasília: Associação Brasileira de Estudos da Integração, 1997.
    • This book analyzes Mercosur from a legal and political perspective discussing the history of the member states. The book addresses socio-political, economic, legal, and sociological issues.
  • Luis Olavo Baptista, O Mercosul, Suas Institutuições e Ordenamento Jurídico. São Paulo: LTr, 1998.
    • This book analyzes Mercosur as a force within the global economy. It discusses its origins; its role as an international organization and its relations with others; and its legal and administrative structure. It concludes with a section listing several Mercosur treaties and protocols.
  • Nadia de Araujo, Frederico V. Magalhães Marques & Márcio Monteiro Reis, Código do Mercosul: Tratados e Legislação. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 1998.
    • This book consists of a compilation of treaties and protocols related to Mercosur until 1998. It includes the founding treaties; institutional organization; judicial cooperation; consumer rights; investments; trade; movement of people across borders; education; and agreements between Mercosur and other regional organizations and states.
  • David Baigún and Joaquín Pedro da Rocha, eds., Delitos Económicos En La Esfera Del Mercosur. Buenos Aires: Rubinzal – Culzoni Editores, 1999.
    • This book deals with various criminal law issues related to the integration of the South American markets. The various contributors cover the following chapters: tax frauds; custom violations; criminal protections of free competition; and criminal law protection of intellectual property.
  • Jorge L. Tosi, Comercio internacional y Mercosur. Buenos Aires: Ediciones La Rocca, 1999.
    • After an interesting introductory chapter on the significance of international commerce and its relations with economic development, this book addresses subjects such as imports, and exports, including the use of land transportation, customs and tariffs, and export incentives. Each chapter provides a comparison between the customs codes of the member countries as well as the applicable provisions to each of the subjects dealt with by the author.
  • Ricardo Xavier Basaldúa, Mercosur y Derecho de la Integración. Buenos Aires: Abeledo-Perrot, 1999.
    • This book focuses on giving an educational overview regarding the systematic study of Mercosur. Among the topics, the reader will find the economic integration, stages for the processes of economic integration, right to economic integration, the background of Mercosur, Objectives of the Treaty of Asuncion, and its characteristics, among others.
  • Yves Chaloult and Paulo Roberto de Almeida, eds., Mercosul, Nafta e Alca. Sao Paulo: Ltr, 1999.
    • The book contains a series of studies on liberalization of commerce and integration processes in general. It stresses the legal aspects, but it also takes into account economic sociology and political science. It includes chapters on the social dimension of integration processes; the relationship between Mercosur and a possible future with NAFTA and the FTAA, as well as with the European Union; political and social problems, social movements, and transnationalization of trade union practices.
  • Antonio Carlos Rodrigues do Amaral, and others, O Dereito Tributário No Mercosul, Rio de Janeiro: Editora Forense, 2000
    • This book is a compilation of the necessary material around International Taxation and analyzes the legislation on that matter within the Member States.
  • Jorge Pueyo Losa & Ernesto J. Rey Caro, eds., Mercosur: Nuevos Ambitos y Perspectivas en el Desarrollo del Proceso de Integración. Buenos Aires: Universidad del Salvador, 2000.
    • This work is the product of the cooperation of Spanish and Argentine professors. It contains studies on the following subjects: genesis and structure of the Treaty of Asunción; legal principles of integration in Latin America; procedures of conflict resolution; relations between the European Union and Mercosur; Mercosur and the law of the sea and the integration of the fishery industry; Mercosur and transborder cooperation; Mercosur and the environment; and the harmonization of Mercosur and the World Trade Organization.
  • Comissão Parlamentar Conjunta do Mercosul, Mercosul: Legislação e Textos Básicos. Brasilia, 2000 (3rd ed.).
    • This book is a compilation produced by the Brazilian Congress and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of all the basic Mercosur documents, as well as those dealing with conflict resolution, certificates of origin, competition, customs, foreign relations, judicial cooperation, education, and technical cooperation.
  • Paulo Borba Casella, ed., Mercosul: Integração Regional e Globalização. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2000.
    • This book contains a series of important scholarly contributions dealing with various Mercosur-related subjects, such as globalization, regional integration, citizenship, conflict resolution, relations with the European Union, free movement of persons, competition, commercial contracts, human rights, and constitutional issues.
  • Ruben B. Santos Belandro, Bases Fundamentales del Derecho de la Integración y Mercosur. Montevideo: Asociación de Escribanos del Uruguay, 2001.
    • This is an exceptionally comprehensive compilation of documents related to Mercosur. It covers its structural aspects, including all the treaties and protocols; investment and competition policies; capital markets; agreements of mutual assistance in civil procedure; agreements of cooperation in the areas of criminal law, extradition, and illegal traffic of children; transportation; trade in services; education; consumer rights; insurance; labor law; postal agreements; trademarks; social security; environment; agreements between Mercosur and other regional organizations and states; and constitutional law of the Mercosur countries.
  • Beyond Borders: The New Regionalism in Latin America. Washington, DC: John Hopkins University Press, 2002.
    • This book contains a global survey of regional integration in Latin America. Its first chapter, which is a summary and an agenda, gives a comprehensive picture of the various areas of regional integration. In the following chapters, the book analyses the various aspects of regional integration; economic and trade dimensions; market access and trade liberalization; regional institutions and dispute settlement mechanisms; financial integrations; regional infrastructure, and the significance of improved transportation; telecommunications, and energy services; macroeconomic coordination among the member countries of each trade bloc; trade agreements and exchange rate disagreements; currency unions; effects of regional integration and foreign direct investment; regional integration matters for productivity; and regional integration and wage inequality.
  • Pitou van Dijck and Marianne Weisebron, eds., Ten Years of Mercosur. Amsterdam: Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation, 2002.
    • The book is elementary in its analysis of Mercosur but gives a good description as to its history and the current obstacles it is facing; analyzes the challenge of integrating the Mercosur with the FTAA; and discusses the strengths, as well as the weaknesses of Mercosur and provides an analysis of how it can succeed in a region with very different social and economic policies. Furthermore, the literature includes several articles comparing and contrasting Mercosur with other customs unions and competitors in commerce.
  • Suranjit Kumar Saha & David Parker, eds., Globalisation and Sustainable Development in Latin America. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2002.
    • This book consists of several articles about several aspects of Mercosur. The core objective of the book is to understand how the forces of globalization are impacting the prospects of sustainable development in Latin America. It includes issues such as privatization and neoliberalism; the socio-economic profile of Latin America; Mercosur’s options for the future; Latin American integration; the possible consequences of privatization in Chile; the impact of regional integration in Brazil; and issues of mediation and social conflict. The book also includes tables offering statistical information on several issues.
  • Ana Margherita, ed., Latin American Democracies in the New Global Economy. Miami: North-South Center Press, 2003.
    • Although this book deals with economic integration in Latin America in general, it contains an interesting chapter by Roberto Bouzas, “Economic Integration in the Southern Cone.” After providing a summary account of the performance of Mercosur since 1991, it offers a review of the factors that help to account for performance. It also challenges four fallacies that pervade in the present policy debate on the future of Mercosur: a) that Mercosur is an imperfect customs union; b) that Mercosur cannot move forward due to national constitutional impediments; c) the paralysis of Mercosur is the result of a macroeconomic crisis; and d) that the “trading” Mercosur should be replaced by a “political” Mercosur. The fourth and final section of this article assesses the prospects of Mercosur considering Argentina and Brazil’s new administrations.
  • Helio Jaguaribe and Álvaro de Vasconcelos, eds., The European Union, Mercosul, and the New World Order. London: Frank Cass, 2003.
    • This book provides a compilation of articles about Mercosur as a contender in the global marketplace. These articles cover the European Union’s relations with Mercosur; the effects of multilateralism and regionalism from a European perspective; the prospects of Mercosur; Mercosur’s international political role; Argentina and Mercosur; a study of Mercosur’s history and future projections; and Brazil’s current foreign policy within a globalizing world.
  • Mirta Elizabeth Laciar, Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustenable: Los Desafíos del Mercosur. Buenos Aires: Editorial Ciudad Argentina, 2003.
    • This book deals with the relationship between trade and the environment within the Mercosur context; the role of the environment in the Asunción Treaty and the Ouro Preto Protocol; political agreements reached by the Mercosur countries in the environmental area; and a comparative analysis of the role of the environment and sustainable development within the European Union and NAFTA. The last chapter contains a study of the various strategic alliances of Mercosur in the area of sustainable development. It also includes an annex with the various environmental norms adopted by the member states.
  • Philip Arestis & Luiz Fernando de Paula, eds., Monetary Union in South America. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2003.
    • This important contribution to Mercosur’s future explores the possibility of a monetary union among Mercosur’s member states. Some of these studies focus on the EMU experience and whether its model of monetary union is appropriate and feasible for Mercosur. Other articles include concrete proposals of a monetary union in the long term, issues concerning the macro economy of Mercosur, and problems associated with monetary integration in economies that are structurally different.
  • Heber Arbuet-Vignali, Claves Jurídicas de la Integración. Buenos Aires: Rubinzal-Culzoni, 2004.
    • This is an ambitious book that covers not only the legal norms, but also the historical, sociological, political, and economic frameworks of integration. It mainly addresses Mercosur and the European Union. Many of the aspects of the law of integration are treated at a jurisprudential level. In this regard, this book deals with the general notions of legal integration and integration systems and their jurisprudential basis; the sources and the subjects of coordination systems; and international organizations as instruments of integration.
  • Hofmeister, Wilhelm, ed., Solução de Controvérsias na OMC, União Européia e Mercosul. Fundação Konrad Adenauer: Río de Janeiro, 2004.
    • This book contains a series of important studies of conflict resolution within the WTO, Mercosur, and the European Union.
  • Kleinheisterkamp, Jan, International Commercial Arbitration in Latin America: Regulation and Practice in the MERCOSUR and the Associated Countries, Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publication, 2005
    • This book gives practitioners and scholars quick access to an in-depth analysis of the laws of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, as well as of the relevant international treaties, such as the MERCOSUR-Agreements of 1998. The book follows the structure of the UNCITRAL-Model Law. It also includes a bilingual annex with English translations of all relevant legislation.
  • Porrata-Doria, Jr, Rafael A., MERCOSUR: The Common Market of the Southern Cone, Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2005
    • This book comprehensively describes MERCOSUR—its history, institutions, and legal system—in the English language. It gives information essential to the understanding of MERCOSUR and its legal system.
  • Chãzal Palomo, José Antonio de, Arbitraje Comercial en el MERCOSUR, Santa Cruz de la Sierra; Editorial El Pais, 2006
    • This book discusses the modernization of two areas of the law: The integration in the MERCOSUR, and international commercial arbitration as the means for resolving controversies.
  • Morales, Mirta, Un Estudio Comparativo de la Protección Legislativa del Consumidor en el Ambito Interno de los Países del Mercosur, Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2006
    • This book makes a comparative analysis regarding consumer protection in each Member- State of MERCOSUR. It also reaffirms that the microsystem doctrine is the best legislative technique to give better flexibility to consumer protection laws.
  • Roberto Pedro Lopresti, Constituciones del Mercosur. Buenos Aires: La Ley, 2007.
    • This book analyzes the structure and integration of Mercosur, as well as the constitutional law of its member-states. It is an excellent book for those who want to research more in-depth the relationship between the constitutional law of a specific member state and MERCOSUR.
  • Gabriel Gari, The Liberalisation of Trade in Services in Mercosur, London: Cameron May 2008
    • The book examines the legal framework for the liberalization of trade in services in MERCOSUR, discusses the reasons for the current state of affairs, and proposes some alternatives for unlocking the integration process as far as its deep economic integration objectives are concerned.
  • Paolo Giordano, Blyde, Juan S., Fernandez Arias, Eduardo, Deepening Integration in Mercosur – Dealing with Disparities, Inter-American Development Bank, 2008.
    • This book analyzes the most important issues of economic integration and policy coordination that countries face when they advance towards deeper integration and are urged to address development disparities among partner countries.
  • Mercosur Economic Integration: Lessons for ASEAN, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009.
    • The ASEAN Studies Centre of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore requested the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and Dr. Pang Eul-Soo and Dr. Laura Jarnagin, professors at Colorado School of Mines in the United States, to do two separate studies from two different viewpoints on the experience of MERCOSUR and on the lessons that experience may hold for ASEAN.
  • Gobbi, José, Environmental Effects of Implementing Mercosur in Argentina: An integrated assessment, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009.
    • This book examines the incorporation of the environmental dimension in the integration process and explores the environmentally trade-related effects of implementing Mercosur on Argentina’s agricultural sector.
  • Gardini, Gian Luca, The Origins of Mercosur: Democracy and Regionalization in South America. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
    • This book will explore the diplomatic history of the formation of Mercosur and will analyze the precise place of democracy in the process.
  • Cabral, Salvador. Revolución Y Crisis En El Mercosur: Historia, Cultura Y Destino. Buenos Aires: Corregidor, 2013.
  • Vitta, José M. La Tributación En Los Países Integrantes Del Mercosur Ante Una Nueva Realidad: Globalización, Integración Regional Y Crecimiento De Las Competencias De Los Gobiernos Subnacionales, 2013.
  • Montaño, Balderrama C. Latinoamérica Documentos Constitutivos: Mercosur, Unasur, Alba, Celac, Petrocaribe, Litoral Boliviano, 2014.
  • Mattheis, Frank. New Regionalism in the South: Mercosur and Sadc in a Comparative and Interregional Perspective. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2014.
  • Jaguaribe, Helio, Alvaro Vasconcelos, and Pierre Hassner. ˜aguaribe, Helio, Alvaro Vasconcelos, and Pierre Hassn, 2014.
  • Competition Law Mercosur. Kluwer Law Internat, 2014.
  • Gardini, Gian Luca, The Origins of Mercosur: Democracy and Regionalization in South America. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
    • This book explores the diplomatic history of the formation of Mercosur and analyzes the precise place of democracy in the process. At the methodological level, a combination of hitherto unexamined documents and extensive interview material makes for a novel oral history approach to diplomatic studies. At the theoretical level, a melding of cognitive approaches to foreign policy making and realist theory of international relations provides a nuanced but systematic explanation of events.
  • Carranza, Mario E. South American Free Trade Area or Free Trade Area of the Americas?: Open Regionalism and the Future of Regional Economic Integration in South America. Milton: Taylor and Francis, 2017. Internet resource.
  • Siegel, Karen M. Regional Environmental Cooperation in South America: Processes, Drivers, and Constraints. 2017. Internet resource.
  • Krapohl, Sebastian. Regional Integration in the Global South: External Influence on Economic Cooperation in ASEAN, Mercosur and Sadc. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
    • This book presents a theory of economic integration in developing regions, where the level of intraregional economic interdependence is low and the dependence on extra-regional economic relations is high.
  • Villarroel, Velthe success El Mercado Comlthe success or failure of regional integration in the Global Fundamental Para La Consolidación De La Independencia Comercial De La Región. Saarbrcado Comlthe success or failure of regio.
  • Mendicoa, & Mendicoa, Gloria Edel. (2018). Hacia una epistemología del sur II: el Mercosur desde abajo: percepciones y experiencia de los municipios en la integración regional / Gloria Edel Mendicoa (directora).
  • Michael Baltensperger. (2019). European Union-Mercosur Free Trade Agreement: prospects and risks. Bruegel.
  • Mendez-Parra, Garnizova, E., Baeza Breinbauer, D., Lovo, S., Velut, J.-B., Narayanan, B., Bauer, M., Lamprecht, P., Shadlen, K., Arza, V., Obaya, M., Calabrese, L., Banga, K., & Balchin, N. (2020). Evaluación del impacto sobre la sostenibilidad en apoyo de las negociaciones del acuerdo de asociación entre la Unión Europea y el Mercosur. Publications Office.
  • Martín Piñeiro. (2021). Flexibilizacion del Mercosur: Reflexiones Sobre su Conveniencia y Oportunidad. Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (CARI).
  • Hagemejer, Maurer, A., Rudloff, B., Stoll, P.-T., Woolcock, S., Costa Vieira, S., Mensah, K., & Sidło, K. (2021). Trade aspects of the EU-Mercosur association agreement. European Parliament.
  • Hurtado Briceño, Mirabelli, & Mirabelli, Roberto Javier. (2022). Mercosur en el nuevo escenario latinoamericano / Alberto José Hurtado Briceño, Roberto Javier Mirabelli (editores).
  • Félix Peña. (n.d.). Futuro del Mercosur. Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (CARI).
  • Malamud. (2022). Assessing the political dialogue and cooperation pillar of the EU-Mercosur association agreement. European Parliament.
  • Mendez-Parra, Garnizova, E., Baeza Breinbauer, D., Lovo, S., Velut, J.-B., Narayanan, B., Bauer, M., Lamprecht, P., Shadlen, K., Arza, V., Obaya, M., Calabrese, L., Banga, K., & Balchin, N. (2022). Sustainability impact assessment in support of the association agreement negotiations between the European Union and Mercosur. Publications Office.
  • Étude d’impact sur la durabilité à l’appui des négociations de l’accord d’association entre l’Union Européenne et le Mercosur. (2022). Publications Office.
  • Grieger. (2023). EU trade with Latin America and the Caribbean. European Parliament.

3.2. Recent Law Review Articles

Mercosur: Organization and Structure (General)

  • Summit Communiqué of the Presidents of the State Members of Mercosur, 12 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 625 (2006).
  • Samuel A. Arieti, The Role of Mercosur as a Vehicle for Latin American Integration, 6 Chi. J. Int’l L. 761 (2006)
  • Marcos Aurélio Pereira Valadao, Washington Consensus and Latin America Integration: Mercosur and the Road to Regional Inconsistencies–to Where are we Going Exactly? 15 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 207 (2009).
  • Teodora Zamudio, Mercosur: General Ideas, 32 Int’l J. Legal Info. 627 (2004)
  • Luiz Alfeu Beluti, Frank C. Mena, Brazil Enacts Mercosur Agreement, 58-JAN DISP. RESOL. J. 7 (2004)
  • Drs. Graciela Storni & Alfredo Carella, Hacia un “Nuevo” Mercosur. Revista del Colegio Público de Abogados de la Capital Federal. No 75 April 2004, page 10.
  • Dr. Graciela Leticia Storni, El Proceso de Integración Sudamericana. Revista del Colegio Público de Abogados de la Capital Federal. No 75 April 2004, page 16.
  • Porrata-Doria, Jr., Rafael E, Mercosur: The Common Market of the Twenty-First Century? 32 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 1 (2004).
  • Borba Casella, Paulo, The Common Market of the South (Mercosur): Models and Qualitative Mutations for Consolidating an Integrated Economic Area. 9 Ann. Surv. Int’l & Comp. L. 1 (2003).
  • Bruner, Christopher M., Hemispheric Integration, and the Politics of Regionalism: The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). 33 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 1 (2002).
  • Enrique J. Aramburu, Historical Perspective: The Evolution of Mercosur in a South American Integration, 13 Pace Int’l L. Rev. 183 (2001)
  • Dr. Eva Holz, The “Samba” Effect in Mercosur, 6 NAFTA: L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 515 (2000)
  • Gardini, Gian Luca. “MERCOSUR: What you see is not (always) what you get.” European Law Journal 17.5 (2011): 683-700.
  • de Souza Silva, Karine, and Paulo Roberto Ferreira. “La Agenda Social del Mercosur y su impacto en términos de profundización y ampliación del bloque.” Conpedi Law Review 1.15 (2016): 8-28.
  • Alvarez, Dario Celaya. “MERCOSUR: Southern Common Market.” Int’l J. Legal Info. 43 (20 Riggirozzi, Pía, and Diana Tussie. “The rise of post-hegemonic regionalism in Latin America.” The Rise of Post-Hegemonic Regionalism. Springer, Dordrecht, 2012. 1-16.
  • Doctor, Mahrukh. “Interregionalism’s impact on regional integration in developing countries: the case of Mercosur.” Journal of European Public Policy 22.7 (2015): 967-984.
  • Juguaribe, Helio. “A view from the Southern Cone.” Latin America in a New World. Routledge, 2018. 53-64.
  • Santos, Sergio Caballero. “Identity in Mercosur: Regionalism and Nationalism.” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 21.1 (2015): 43-59.
  • Cimadamore, Alberto D. “Análisis de Negociaciones e Integración Regional: apuntes para una nueva agenda de investigación sobre el Mercosur.” Colección 8 (2017): 167-186.
  • Caichiolo. (2017). The Mercosur Experience and Theories of Regional Integration. Contexto Internacional, 39(1), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2017390100006.
  • Chatterjee, & Hernandez Sierra, E. (2017). The MERCOSUR: a model for regional economic integration? Amicus Curiae (Bicester, England), 2015(101). https://doi.org/10.14296/ac.v2015i101.2343.
  • Contipelli. (2017). Gobernanza global y análisis comparado de los procesos de integración en América Latina: comunidad andina y el Mercado del Sur. Revista de relaciones internacionales, estrategia y seguridad, 12(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.18359/ries.2802.
  • Ippolito. (2017). Revisitando viejos esquemas de cooperación transfronteriza en el MERCOSUR: un análisis de la institucionalidad de CRECENEA y su proyección hacia los Estados del Sur de Brasil (CODESUL). Pampa (Santa Fe, Argentina), 15, 9–29.
  • Lincoln Bizzozero. (2017). Aportes del MERCOSUR al regionalismo y a la teoría política de la integración regional. Meridiano 47, 12(125), 4–10.
  • Bianculli. (2018). From free market to social policies? Mapping regulatory cooperation in education and health in MERCOSUR. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018118780085.
  • Rho. (2018). Visiones políticas y perspectivas de Mercosur, CAN y Unasur en la construcción de una ciudadanía regional (2002-2016). Estudios fronterizos, 19(19). https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.1815015.
  • De Almeida. (2018). Regional integration in Latin America: historical developments, current challenges, especially in Mercosur/Integracao Regional na America Latina: desenvolvimentos historicos, desafios atuais, especialmente no Mercosul. Meridiano 47, 19. https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e19015.
  • Peixoto Batista, & Perrotta, D. V. (2018). El Mercosur en el nuevo escenario político regional: más allá de la coyuntura. Desafios (Bogotá, Colombia), 30(1), 91–134. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/desafios/a.5767.
  • María Gabriela Rho. (2018). Political views and perspectives of Mercosur, CAN, and Unasur in the construction of regional citizenship (2002-2016). Estudios Fronterizos, 19. https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.1815015.
  • Nieto-Alemán, & Rendón-Acevedo, J. A. (2019). Es la integración regional un vehículo para la convergencia? El caso del Mercosur, 1990-2014. Revista finanzas y política económica, 11(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.14718/revfinanzpolitecon.2019.11.1.2.
  • Bermúdez Torres. (2022). La integración regional a comienzos del siglo XXI: MERCOSUR y UNASUR. Memorias (Barranquilla, Colombia), 14(14), 202–231. https://doi.org/10.14482/memor.14.085.6.
  • Hurtado Briceño, Zerpa de Hurtado, S., & Mora Mora, J. U. (2022). Enfoques Teóricos Sobre Unificación Monetaria en MERCOSUR y Lecciones Derivadas de la Experiencia de la Unión Europea. Revista de Economía Del Caribe, 23, 84–101. https://doi.org/10.14482/ecoca.23.3051.
  • Martínez Castillo. (2023). De la Comunidad Andina de Naciones al Mercado Común del Sur: nueva estrategia de integración de Venezuela. Colombia internacional, 203–233.

Investment and Competition

  • Thomas Andrew O’Keefe, Economic Integration as a Means for Promoting Regional Political Stability: Lessons from the European Union and Mercosur, 80 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 187 (2005)
  • Marcos Valadao & Nara Galeb Porto, Mercosur, Nafta, Ftaa and its Effects in Federal Taxation of International Transactions between the United States and Brazil: A Comparative Study, 10 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 705 (2004)
  • Eva Holz, Mercosur: Lessons from The Recent Past — The Case of the Financial Services, 10 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 299 (2004)
  • Carranza, Dr. Mario E., Mercosur, The Free Trade Area of the Americas, and the Future of U.S. Hegemony in Latin America. 27 Fordham Int’l L. J. 1029 (2004).
  • Cordonier Segger, Marie-Claire, Sustainable Development in the Negotiation of the FTAA. 27 Fordham Int’l L. J. 1118 (2004).
  • Pallares, Beatriz, International Regime of Commercial Companies in Argentina and Mercosur, 32 Stetson L. Rev. 785 (2003)
  • Wiltse, Jessica S., An Investor-State Dispute Mechanism in the Free Trade Area of the Americas: Lessons from NAFTA Chapter 11. 51 Buff. L. Rev. 1145 (2003).
  • Michael Cornell Dypski, An Examination of Investor-State Dispute Resolution under the Mercosur and Nafta Regimes, 8 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 217 (2002)
  • Lauro Da Gama E Souza Jr, The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and their Applicability in the Mercosur Countries, 36 R.J.T. 375 (2002)

Social Aspects

  • Caceres, Luis Rene. “Economic integration and unemployment in Mercosur.” Journal of Economic Integration (2011): 45-65.
  • Modolo, Vanina. “Política Migratoria Regional. El caso de la Residencia MERCOSUR (2002-2011).” Revista Aportes para la Integración Latinoamericana 26 (2017): 40-58.
  • Mattheis, & Wunderlich, U. (2017). Regional actorness and interregional relations: ASEAN, the EU and Mercosur. Journal of European Integration, 39(6), 723–738; https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2017.1333503.
  • Souza. (2017). Investimento Externo Direto Chinês no Mercosul. Meridiano 47, 12(125), 32–39.
  • Rho. (2018). Visiones políticas y perspectivas de Mercosur, CAN y Unasur en la construcción de una ciudadanía regional. Estudios Fronterizos, 19. https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.1815015.
  • Méryl Thiel. (2018). Entre orden y sistema ALADI, CAN, MERCOSUR y OSD: las consecuencias de la cooperación jurídica en el futuro de las integraciónes comerciales regionales. Revista Contexto (Bogota, Colombia), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.18601/01236458.n46ee.07.
  • De Almeida. (2018). Regional integration in Latin America: historical developments, current challenges, especially in Mercosur. Meridiano 47, 19. https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e19015.
  • Yovana Reyes Tagle. (2018). El impacto de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en la definición del principio de libre circulación de mercancías en la Comunidad Andina y el Mercosur. Agenda Internacional (Lima, Peru), 25(36); https://doi.org/10.18800/agenda.201801.012.
  • Contreras Polo, & Contreras Capella, J. (2018). Relaciones Inter sistémicas en los Estados miembros de la Comunidad Andina (Can), la Alianza del Pacífico (Ap) y el Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur). Advocatus (Barranquilla. Universidad Libre. : En Línea), 15(31), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.18041/0124-0102/a.31.5225.
  • Hidalgo, Puré, R. D. M., Álvarez, S. F., & Gómez, L. C. (2019). Crisis de los sistemas de integración económica en Latinoamérica: caso MERCOSUR y Comunidad Andina de Naciones // Crisis of economic integration systems in Latin America: MERCOSUR and Andean Community of Nations case. Cuestiones políticas, 35(62), 14.
  • Reig Lorenzi, & Puchet, M. (2019). El rol de Uruguay y México en la integración comercial del MERCOSUR y del TLCAN 1990-2016. Problemas Del Desarrollo, 50(198), 57–85. https://doi.org/10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2019.198.67471.
  • Argañaráz. (2019). Las inversiones extranjeras en el Mercosur: ¿Hacia un cambio de paradigma? Revista Derechos En Acción (En Línea), 13(13), 338. https://doi.org/10.24215/25251678e338.
  • María Victoria Alvarez, & Julieta Zelicovich. (2020). El acuerdo MERCOSUR-Unión Europea: un abordaje multicausal de la conclusión del proceso negociador. Relaciones Internacionales (Madrid), 44, 107–125. https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2020.44.006.
  • Galović (2022). The International Competitiveness of Mercosur. Poslovna Izvrsnost, 16(2), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.22598/pi-be/2022.16.2.97.
  • Botto. (2022). The challenges of economic integration in Latin America: searching for consensus in contexts of globalization. The case of MERCOSUR (1991-2019). Globalizations, 19(4), 555–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2021.1962037.
  • Gomez-Herrera, Duch-Brown, N., & Latorre, M. C. (2022). EU-Mercosur Free Trade Agreement: Exploring the Impact on E-Commerce. The Review of Network Economics, 21(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1515/rne-2023-0018.
  • Galović (2022). The International Competitiveness of Mercosur 14. Poslovna Izvrsnost, 16(2), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.22598/pi-be/2022.16.2.97.
  • Ospina Grajales. (2023). El proceso de toma de decisiones en el Mercosur y el TLCAN: la disyuntiva entre integración regional y soberanía nacional en América Latina. Colombia internacional, 237–261.

Trade in Services

  • Gabriel Gari, Legal Instruments for the Liberalization of Trade in Services at the Sub-Regional Level: The Mercosur Case, 25 Penn St. Int’l L. Rev. 659 (2007).
  • Gabriel Gari, Free Circulation of Services in Mercosur: A Pending Task, 10 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 545 (2004).
  • Baeva, Knobel, A., Zaytsev, Y., & Loshchenkova, A. (2017). The Impact of Protective Measures in Integration Associations on International Trade. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
  • Mnatsakanyan, & Lopez, J. A. (2017). A Case Study of Fresh Fruits Trade Among NAFTA, CAFTA, and MERCOSUR. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
  • Nogues. (2017). Mercosur- EU Trade negotiations: ending trade diversion, strengthening trade institutions. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc.
  • Santos, Pereira Júnior, A., & La Rovere, E. (2017). Evaluating Energy Policies Through the Use of a Hybrid Quantitative Indicator-Based Approach: The Case of Mercosur. Energies (Basel), 10(12), 2140. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122140.
  • Pradhan, & Basnet, H. C. (2017). Regional economic integration in Mercosur: the role of real and financial sectors. Review of Development Finance, 7(2), 107–119; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2017.05.001.
  • Laura Casola, & Alexander Freier. (2017). El nexo entre cambio climático y energía renovable en el Mercosur. Un análisis comparativo de las legislaciones de Argentina y Brasil. Revista Derecho Del Estado, 153–179. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n40.07.
  • Tagle. (2018). El impacto de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en la definición del principio de libre circulación de mercancías en la Comunidad Andina y el Mercosur. Agenda Internacional (Lima, Peru), 25(36), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.18800/agenda.201801.012.
  • Mahmutović, H., & Merdić, A. (2018). Effects of Trade Flow Liberalization: Case of ASEAN, NAFTA & MERCOSUR, Human (Tuzla), 8(1), 64–69. https://doi.org/10.21554/hrr.041809.
  • Koengkan. (2018). The decline of environmental degradation by renewable energy consumption in the MERCOSUR countries: an approach with ARDL modeling. Environment Systems & Decisions, 38(3), 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-018-9671-z.
  • Ramanzini Júnior, & Luciano, B. T. (2020). Regionalism in the Global South: Mercosur and ECOWAS in trade and democracy protection. Third World Quarterly, 41(9), 1498–1517. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1723413.
  • Koval, & Andrianova, E. K. (2022). MERCOSUR in trade policy clusters: challenges and prospects. Revista de Economia Política, 42(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572022-3288.
  • Campos, & Timini, J. (2022). Unequal trade, unequal gains: the heterogeneous impact of MERCOSUR. Applied Economics, 54(49), 5655–5669; https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2022.2047606.
  • Olmos Giupponi. (2023). Free Trade and Labour and Environmental Standards in MERCOSUR. Colombia Internacional, 67–97.

Labor Law

  • Cindy Fazzi, Book Note, 61 APR Disp. Resol. J. 85 (2006) (reviewing Jan Kleinheisterkamp, the State of Commercial Arbitration in Mercosur International Commercial Arbitration in Latin America (2005))
  • Mario J.A. Oyarzábal, Jurisdiction over International Electronic Contracts: A View on Inter-American, Mercosur, and Argentine Rules, 19 Temp. Int’l & Comp. L.J. 87 (2005)
  • Raúl Emilio Vinuesa, Enforcement of Mercosur Arbitration Awards within the Domestic Legal Orders of Member States, 40 Tex. Int’l L.J. 425 (2005)
  • Kristi Schaeffer, Mercosur, and Labor Rights: The Comparative Strengths of Sub-Regional Trade Agreements in Developing and Enforcing Labor Standards in Latin American States, 45 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 829 (2007).
  • Alicia Dolores Basanta, Comienzo de la Existencia de la Persona Humana: Técnicas de Reproducción Humana Asistida. Recepción Legislativa en el Marco del Mercosur, 41 Rev. Juridica U. Inter. P.R. 439 (2007).
  • Mario J. A. Oyarzábal, Book Note, 36 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 361 (2005) (reviewing Diego P. Fernandez Arroyo, Derecho Internacional Privado de los Estados del Mercosur (2003)).
  • Martin, Viviana Gisela, Mercosur: Un Nuevo Tribunal, Dos Modelos Alternativos a Seguir. Supplemento a Revista del Colegio Público de Abogados de la Capital Federal. No 34 April 2004, page 5.
  • Dr. Julio A. J. Carrillo, El Mercosur Jurídico. Revista del Colegio Público de Abogados de la Capital Federal. No 75 April 2004, page 14.
  • Dr. Sara Felstein de Cárdenas, Sistema de Solución de Disputas en el Mercosur. Revista del Colegio Público de Abogados de la Capital Federal. No 75 April 2004, page 18.
  • Blackaby, Nigel & Sylvia Noury, Internation Arbitration in the Mercosur – Is Harmonization the Solution? 9. L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 445 (2003).
  • Whttinghill, Christina L., The Role and Regulation of International Commercial Arbitration in Argentina. 38 Tex. Int’l L. J. 795 (2003).
  • Olivera García, Ricardo, Dispute Resolution Regulation and Experiences in Mercosur: The Recent Olivos Protocol. 8 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 535 (2002).
  • Jorge M. Guira, MERCOSUR: The Emergence of a Working System of Dispute Resolution, 6 NAFTA: L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 255 (2000).
  • Giupponi, belén olmos. “International law and sources of law in Mercosur: an analysis of a 20-year relationship.” Leiden journal of international law 25.3 (2012): 707-737.
  • Espósito, Carlos, and Luciano Donadio. “inter-jurisdictional co-operation in the Mercosur: the first request for an advisory opinion of the Mercosur’s Permanent Review Tribunal by Argentina’s Supreme Court of Justice.” the law & practice of international courts and tribunals 10.2 (2011): 261-284.
  • Rojas, paola piña. “participación parlamentaria de la mujer en el mercado común del sur. Un estudio descriptivo (2005-2010).” cuadernos latinoamericanos 29.51 (2017).
  • Arnold, Christian, and Berthold Rittberger. “The legalization of dispute resolution in Mercosur.” journal of politics in Latin America 5.3 (2013): 97-132.
  • Balbín. (2017). Algunas líneas sobre el trabajo migrante en el ámbito del Mercosur. Revista Derechos En Acción (En Línea), 1(2).
  • Fornale. (2017). Global–regional interaction to extend access to social protection for migrant workers: Insights from ASEAN and MERCOSUR. International Social Security Review (English Edition), 70(3), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12140.
  • Perícola. (2017). La ciudadanía del Mercosur: desafíos para su implementación. Derechos En Acción, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.24215/25251678e093.
  • Perícola. (2017). La ciudadanía del Mercosur: desafíos para su implementación. Derechos En Acción, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.24215/25251678e093.
  • Braz, A. M. (2018). Migration governance in South America: The bottom-up diffusion of the Residence Agreement of Mercosur/La gobernabilidad migratoria en Sudamerica: la difusión de abajo hacia arriba do Acordo de Residencia do Mercosul. Revista de Administração Pública (Rio de Janeiro), 52(2), 303. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220170069.
  • Pereira, A. E., Bernardo, G. J., Culpi, L. A., & Pessali, H. F. (2018). Facilitated governance in Mercosur: policy transfer and integration in education, health, and migration policies/La gobernanza facilitada en el Mercosur: transferencia de políticas e integración en las áreas de educación, migración y salud/A governança facilitada no Mercosul: transferência de políticas e integração nas áreas de educação, migração e saúde. Revista de Administração Pública (Rio de Janeiro), 52(2), 285. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220170063.

3.3. Journals

  • Max-Planck Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht. Wirtschafsrecht des Mercosur. Baden-Bade: Nomos, 1999.
  • Mercosur, Boletín official del Mercosur = Boletim official do Mercosul. Montevideo, República Oriental del Uruguay: Secretaría Administrativa del Mercosur, 1997-.
  • Revista de direito do Mercosul = Revista de derecho del Mercosur. Buenos Aires: La Ley, 1997-.
  • Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean, Informe Mercosur/ Intal. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Departamento de Integración y Programas Regionales: Instituto para la Integración de América Latina y el Caribe, 1997-.
  • Temas de integraçåo. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Livraria Cultural de Guanabara, 1996-.
  • Index Mercosur. Buenos Aires: Servicios Informáticos S.A., 1991.
  • Argentina. Secretaría de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Mercosur agropecuario. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Economia y Obras y Servicios Públicos, 199-.
  • Argentina. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Exportaciones agroalimentarias argentines totales y al Mercosur. Buenos Aires: La Dirección, 1996.

3.4. Lexis-Nexis and Westlaw Database

  • Lexis-Nexis: In the International Trade Library (ITRADE), under Reports/Publications, search the database EIU Latin American Research Report from September 1997 (EIULAR).
  • Westlaw: In the library section International Materials, under South America: News and Business Information, search by database name South American Business Information with the identifier SOAMBUS. This includes more recent coverage starting in June 1999.

3.5. Internet Sources

[1] © 2004 Edgardo Rotman.

[2] 20 I.L.M. 672 (1981).

[3] 27 I.L.M. 901 (1988).

[4] Evelina Teubal de Alhadeff, Introductory Note to the Treaty establishing Mercosur. 30 I.L.M 1041 (1991).

[5] Latin American News Digest (June 8, 2004).

[6] Protocol of Ouro Preto.

[7] Olivos Protocol, Article 1-2.

[8] Brasilia Protocol, Article 19-20, Olivos Protocol, Article 16, 34.

[9] Id.

[10] Rafael A. Porrata-Doria, Jr., Mercosur: The Common Market of the Twenty-First Century? 32:1 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 20 (2004).

[11] Olivos Protocol, Article 39-42.

[12] Christopher M. Bruner, Hemispheric Integration and the Politics of Regionalism: The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). 33 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 1 (2002).

[13] World Bank, World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets 236-237 (2001).

[14] General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), Article XXIV.

[15] Otero-Lathrop, Miguel, Mercosur and NAFTA: The Need for Convergence. 4 NAFTA: L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 116 (1998). See also Maria Angélica Espinosa, The Andean Community: Reaching Out to Bolivar’s Dream. 7 L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 329.

[16] Mario Esteban Carranza, South American Free Trade Area or Free Trade Area of the Americas? Open Regionalism and the Future of Regional Economic Integration in South America, cited by Christopher M. Bruner, Hemispheric Integration and the Politics of Regionalism: The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) in 33 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 28, at n. 126 (2004).

[17] Pitou van Dijck and Marianne Weisebron, Ten Years of Mercosur 10 (Amsterdam: Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation 2002).

[18] Brazil: Lula’s China Commitments in Economist Intelligence Unit – Business Latin America, available in 2004 WL 63625789 (June 7, 2004).

[19] Mercosur-European Community Strategy Paper 2002-2006 (September 10, 2002).

[20] In order to search for regulations, access from here: https://www.mercosur.int/documentos-y-normativa/normativa/ http://www.mercosur.int/innovaportal/v/387/11/innova.front/busqueda-de-normativa.