Comparative Civil Procedure: Finding Primary and Secondary Sources

Louis Myers is a Foreign, Comparative, and International Law Librarian with the Law Library of Congress. He earned an MLIS from Kent State University in 2020, and a J.D. from the University of Idaho College of Law in 2017.

NOTE: This article is an adaption of the previous versions authored by Radu D. Popa, Assistant Dean & Director, and Mirela Roznovschi, Reference Librarian for International and Foreign Law, both formerly at NYU Law.

1. Introduction

The comparison of legal systems has for a long time been an essential branch of legal research and jurisprudence. It has become even more important and relevant in our era of globalization, an era in which there is no field of law that can base its knowledge exclusively on national ideas and rules of procedure. Peter Gottwald sees the comparison of legal systems leading “not only to a better knowledge of foreign law but also corresponding to the internationalization of law and jurisprudence, and the globalization of politics, of trade, commerce and private lifestyle.” (Comparative Civil Procedure. 22 Ritsumeikan Law Review, 23 (2005)).

The first part of this article lists: general works of comparative civil procedure; basic books about the civil and common-law systems; and encyclopedias and treatises covering several jurisdictions. The remainder of the article is arranged by country. Depending upon the country, the sources listed may be in English or in the vernacular (or both in some cases). Under “Primary Sources” are listed codes of civil procedure and civil procedure statutes and, for civil law jurisdictions, basic treatises, and commentaries. Under “Secondary Sources” are listed monographs, treatises, and commentaries (for common law jurisdictions), which may also contain the text of civil procedure code sections and statutes. The section on “Secondary Sources” also contains collected jurisprudence, as well as a few journals. To locate titles in particular libraries, it is advisable to search online library catalogs such as WorldCat.

To find citations to articles in law journals/reviews, consult especially these two databases: Index to Legal Periodicals and Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals.

2. General and Multinational Sources

The following resources provide general overviews of comparative civil procedure and multinational sources. These materials serve as primers for new researchers and refreshers for experienced researchers.

2.1. Monographs, Treatises, and Traditional Resources

• Antoine, Rose-Marie Belle, Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems, New York: Routledge-Cavendish, 2008.
• Chase, Oscar G., Civil Litigation in Comparative Context 2d ed., St. Paul: West Academic Publishing, 2017.
• Civil Justice in Crisis: Comparative Perspectives of Civil Procedure, edited by Adrian A.S. Zuckerman, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Discusses various jurisdictions in comparative matter. Includes both common law and civil law countries.
• Civil Law Reforms in Post-Colonial Asia: Beyond Western Capitalism, Singapore Springer, 2019. Discusses development of civil law and procedure in post-colonial (or late developing, per the publisher) ASEAN countries.
• Civil Litigation in China and Europe: Essays on the Role of the Judge and the Parties, edited by C.H. van Rhee, Fu Yulin, Dordrecht: Spring, 2014. Covers China, Hong Kong, and European jurisdictions.
• Corrin Care, Jennifer, Courts and Civil Procedure in the South Pacific, Cambridge, U.K. Intersentia, 2016.
• De la Tutela Judicial Interna a La Tutela Judicial Interamericana. Covers select Latin American jurisdictions in a comparative fashion.
• Dimensions of Evidence in European Civil Procedure, edited by Vesna Rijavec, Tomaz Kerestes, Tjasa Ivanc, Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2016.
• The Dynamism of Civil Procedure-Global Trends and Developments, edited by Colin B. Picker & Guy Seidman, 2016.
• Essays on Transnational and Comparative Civil Procedure = Scritti sul Diritto Processuale Civile Transnazionale e Comparato, edited by Federico Carpi and M.A. Lupoi. Torino: Giappichelli, 2001. In English and Italian.
• Evidence in Contemporary Civil Procedure: Fundamental Issues in a Comparative Perspective, edited by C.H. van Rhee, A. Uzelac, Cambridge: Intersentia, 2015. Collection of essays from several European jurisdictions.
• Folsom, Ralph Haughwout, Principles of International Litigation and Arbitration, St Paul: West Academic Publishing, 2019. Updated edition.
• From Common Rules to Best Practices in European Civil Procedure, edited by Burkhard Hess & Xandra E. Kramer, Baden-Baden, Germany: Hart Publishing, 2017.
• Goals of Civil Justice and Civil Procedure in Contemporary Justice Systems, edited by Alan Uzelac, Cham: Springer, 2014.
• The Guide to International Legal Research, George Washington International Law Review, Newark: LexisNexis, 2021. Updated annually.
• International Encyclopaedia of Laws: Civil Procedure, edited by Piet Taelman, Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 1994-.
• Justicia Colectiva en Iberoamérica, edited by Maite Aguirrezabal Grünstein, Montevideo: La Ley Uruguay, 2019.
• Main, Thomas O., Global Issues in Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials, St. Paul: Thomson/West, 2006. Casebook covering international and comparative cases.
• McCaffrey, Stephen C. & Main, Thomas O., Transnational Litigation in Comparative Perspective, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Materials covering broad spectrum of jurisdictions and their approaches to various procedural aspects of the law.
• Moran, Andrew J., Commercial Litigation in Anglophone Africa: The Law Relating to Civil Jurisdiction, Enforcement of Foreign Judgments and Interim Remedies, Cape Town: Juta, 2018.
• Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States, edited by Olaf Halvorsen Rønning 7 Ole Hammerslev, 1st ed., Cham: Springer, 2018.
• The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, “Comparative Civil Procedure,” Chapter 41, Joachim Zekoll, 2019.
• Principos ALI/UNIDROIT del Proceso Civil Trasnacional, Bogota, Universidad Externando de Colombia, 2010. Spanish version of ALI’s commentary on UNIDROIT.
• The Reception and Transmission of Civil Procedural Law in the Global Society: Legislative and Legal Education Assistance to Other Countries in Procedural Law, edited by Masahisa Deguchi and Marcel Storme. Antwerpen-Apeldoorn: Maklu, 2008. Published under the authority of the International Association of Procedural Law (IALP).
• Ren, Zhong, Wahrheitspflicht und Kooperationsmaxime im Zivilprozess in Deutschland, Japan und China, Frankfurt am Main: PL Academic Research, 2013. Originally presented as a doctoral thesis comparing German, Japanese, and Chinese civil procedure.
• Revisiting Procedural Human Rights: Fundamentals of Civil Procedure and the Changing Face of Civil Justice, edited by A. Uzelac, C.H. van Rhee, Cambridge: Intersentia, 2017. Collection of essays focusing on human rights aspects of civil procedure, covering various jurisdictions from around the globe.
• Supreme Courts in Transition in China and the West: Adjudication at the Service of Public Goals, edited by Cornelis Hendrik van Rhee, Yulin Fu, Cham: Springer, 2017. Compares various court practices and procedures from jurisdictions in Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
• Transformation of Civil Justice: Unity and Diversity, edited by Alan Uzelac, Cornelis Hendrik Van Rhee, Cham: Springer, 2018.
• Transnational Law and Practice 2d ed., edited by Donald Earl Childress III, New York: Wolters Kluwer, 2021.
• Transnational Litigation: A Practitioner’s Guide, edited by Richard H. Kreindler. Loose-leaf. Dobbs Ferry: Oceana Publications, 1997. Up-to-date practitioner’s guide covering transnational civil procedure.
• Transnational Litigation in a Nutshell, edited by George A. Bermann, St. Paul: West, 2021.
• Treatment of Foreign Law-Dynamics Towards Convergence?, edited by Yuko Nishitani, Cham: Springer, 2017. Comparative overview of conflict of laws issues in various jurisdictions.
• Truth and Efficiency in Civil Litigation: Fundamental Aspects of Fact-Finding and Evidence-Taking in a Comparative Context, edited by C.H. van Rhee & Alan Uzelac, Mortsel: Intersentia, 2012.
• Universal Civil Jurisdiction, edited by Serena Forlati and Petro Franzina, Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill Nijhoff 2020, dealing with extraterritorial jurisdiction in civil matters.
• Winer, Anthony S., International Legal Research, Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2013.

2.1.1. International Courts

• Diaconu, Nicoleta, Procesul Civil Internațional în Contextul Exigențelor Juridice Contemporane, Bucuresti: Universul Juridic, 2021. Romanian language commentary on civil procedure in international law.
• International Court of Justice Rules of Court and Practice Directions are available online. Jurisdictional information and the Yearbook are also available online.
• The International Criminal Court makes its Rules of Procedure and Evidence and other important materials available online. The ICC Journal is also published online.
• International Litigation Procedure, London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1990-. Case reporter on European Court of Justice.
• The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) provides jurisdictional information online. Procedure in the tribunal is made up of several different instruments.
• McGarry, Brian K., Intervening in International Justice: Third States before Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.
• Miles, Cameron, Provisional Measures before International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
• Participants in the International Legal System: Multiple Perspectives on Non-State Actors in International Law, edited by Jean d’Aspremont, London: Routledge, 2013.
• Quintana, Juan José, Litigation at the International Court of Justice: Practice and Procedure, Leiden, the Netherlands; Brill Nijhoff 2015. Provides overview of the entire procedure framework in the ICJ.
• The Rules, Practice, and Jurisprudence of International Courts and Tribunals, edited by Giorgetti Chiara, Leiden, The Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff 2012. Provides overviews of various international tribunals and their procedural framework.
• Steinitz, Maya, The Case for an International Court of Civil Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Monograph making an argument that an equivalent civil court to the various other international tribunals should be established.
• The United Nations’ Dag Hammarskjöld Library also provides information online for many tribunals.

3. National Codes, Statutes, and Commentaries

Civil Procedure has traditionally been governed by lex fori (the law of the state where the proceedings take place). Therefore, primary and secondary sources for this subject should be researched by jurisdiction. The comparative dimension is implicit in this approach. But there are also, especially lately, more and more explicit works of comparative civil procedure. It is true that, for a long period of time, we witnessed resistance against such works. Some scholars claimed that the character of lex fori or lois politiques is not transferable from one country to another. The attempt to use foreign procedural models would have been, then, a misuse of comparative law. As Gottwald (op. cit., p. 24) very well notices: “If this opinion were true civil procedure would be the only branch of law does not open for comparative studies. Just the opposite is true. Since 1950 twelve World Congresses of Procedural Law were organized dealing with nearly all essential subjects and problems of procedural law.”

International Encyclopaedia of Laws: Civil Procedure, edited by Piet Taelman, Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 1994-. This treatise provides commentaries for over 50 jurisdictions: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, the People’s Republic of China, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, the European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Lithuania, Macau, Malawi, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Uganda, Ukraine, the United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe.

Another valuable source, especially from the bibliographic viewpoint, is Foreign Law: Current Sources of Codes and Basic Legislation in Jurisdictions of the World, edited by Tom Reynolds and Arturo Flores. Loose-leaf. Littleton, Colo.: Rothman, 1989-. The service is updated when needed and covers the following regions and jurisdictions: Andean Community, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Caribbean, Cayman Islands, Central America, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Latin America, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Cristopher-Nevis (St. Kitts), St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay, and Venezuela (in volume I); Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, the European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia (in volumes II, II-A, and II-B); Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, People’s Republic, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somali Republic, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe (in volume III); Afghanistan, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Republic of (South Korea), Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Tuvalu, the United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, and Vietnam (in volume II-A).

The service can be used for updating information, as there is also an online version available from Brill. Civil Procedure topics are covered for each country under the following headings: Civil Procedure, Administration of Justice, Evidence, and Conflict of Laws. The authors provide citation to codes, official gazettes, statutory instruments, and regulatory material, in the vernacular and, when available, in English or French translations.

3.1. General Online Databases and Resources

Civil Codes (file in pdf); Civil Codes; World Civil Codes (vernacular).

• GlobaLex, the open access publication dedicated to publication and dissemination of foreign, international, and comparative law research articles, edited by Lucie Olejnikova. Foreign Law Research section contains a list of jurisdictions’ articles containing information about primary sources for that jurisdiction.
• Foreign Law Guide Current Sources of Codes and Basic Legislation in Jurisdictions of the World by Thomas H. Reynolds and Arturo A. Flores, managed by Marci Hoffman. It contains information on nearly 200 jurisdictions from major nations to crown colonies, semi-independent states, and supra-national regional organizations. The work is comprehensive in content and global in scope and contains exhaustive links. Fee based.
• Institute of European and Comparative Law: See also the Oxford Comparative Law Forum: Promotes the study and discussion of legal issues from a comparative perspective. The function of the institute is to develop and further the work of the Oxford University Law Faculty in the fields of European and Comparative Law. This function is served by contributing in various ways to the law faculty’s research and teaching in these fields, and by providing a supporting structure of specialized staff and relevant activities.
• Kluwer Law International: IP access. IEL Civil Procedure. The Civil Procedure volumes of the International Encyclopaedia of Laws provide in-depth descriptions and analysis of numerous domestic systems, guiding lawyers of differing legal backgrounds through foreign proceedings. National monographs describe the main features of each country’s judicial organization, the rules governing the jurisdiction of the courts, the actual court proceedings, the rules of evidence, the principles governing preliminary seizure and the enforcement of judgments, and some elements of national arbitration. In addition, a forthcoming EU monograph analyses Regulation 44/2001, as well as the Conventions of Lugano and San Sebastian. An international monograph will deal with international multilateral treaties. Each monograph follows a uniform structure and includes information on the political and legal system of the country and a comprehensive analysis of relevant procedural law legislation and practice. A subject index at the end of each monograph provides a useful and timesaving reference aid; a detailed topical table of contents for each monograph facilitates country-to-country and subject-to-subject comparison.
• LexisNexis: Contains the text of statutes and regulations for many jurisdictions. Use INTLAW and jurisdiction to search.
• VLex: A commercial database that contains many foreign resources. Check your institutional subscription to determine what jurisdictions you have access to.
• WestLaw: Contains the text of statutes and regulations for many jurisdictions, especially commonwealth jurisdictions.
• Asia (AsianLII)
• Australasia (AustLII)
• Britain & Ireland (BAILII)
• Canada (CanLII)
• Commonwealth (CommonLII)
• Cyprus (CYLAW)
• Guide to Law Online: Nations of the World
• EUR-Lex
• Foreign Legal Gazettes Database
• Hong Kong (HKLII)
• The Legal Information Institute of India (LII of India)
• Lexadin — The World Law Guide – Legislation
• The LIIs: Global (WorldLII)
  • New Zealand (NZLII)
  • Pacific Islands (PacLII)
  • SAFLII (The Southern African Legal Information Institute)
  • Sub-Saharan African Governments Search Engine
  • Université Numérique Juridique Francophone (UNJF)
  • USA (Cornell LII)
  • Zambia (ZamLII)

3.2. Argentina

• Código Procesal Civil y Comercial de la Nación: Comentado y Anotado, edited by Omar Luis Díaz Solimine and Gabriel Hernán Quadri, Buenos Aires: Erreius, 2021.
• de Midón, Gladis E., Manual de Derecho Procesal Civil, Resistencia, Chaco: ConTexto, 2020.
• Fandiño, Marco, Proceso Civil: Un Modelo Adversarial y Colaborativo, Buenos Aires, Editores del Sur, 2020.
• LegisLaw’s commercial compilation of primary and secondary sources on Argentine law.
• Ministry of Economics website, hosts many primary source legal documents, including the Civil Procedure Code.
• Ministry of Justice Digital Library provides access to Argentine laws (and laws of other Latin American jurisdictions).
• Sistema Argentino de Informatica Juridica (SAIJ) provides full text of codes, in Spanish, including the Civil Code.

3.3. Aruba

• Aruba’s government website provides online access to a variety of Aruban legal materials, including the Civil Code.
• Hugenholtz, W., Hoofdlijnen van het Burgerlijk Procesrecht van de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba, Amsterdam: Elsevier Juridisch, 2009.
• Tekstuitgave Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering: Geconsolideerde Wettekst, edited by G. de Groot & P.E. Ernste, Den Haag: Boom Juridisch, 2019.
• See also 3.49 the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

3.4. Australia

• The Australian Federal Courts make their Rules of Procedure available online.
• Colbran, Stephen, Civil Procedure: Commentary and Materials, Chatswood, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2019.
• The Federal Register of Legislation provides up-to-date online information about Australian legislation.
• LawLex provides online access to Australian legal resources.
• Zuckerman, Adrian, Zuckerman on Civil Procedure, Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2018.

3.5. Austria

• Rechberger, Walter H., Civil Procedure in Austria, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2016.
• Rechtsinformationssystem Des Bundes is an Austrian government website that hosts primary sources, including the Civil Procedure Code.
• ZPO, Zivilprozessordnung: Kommentar, Wien: Verlag Österreich, 2019.

3.6. Bahamas

• Bahamas Laws Online is a government website featuring primary source materials, including the Rules of Supreme Court and Rules of Magistrate Court.
• Johnson, Dexter Reno, An introduction to the Legal System of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, Terenshad Publications, 2008.
• Statute Law of the Bahamas, Nassau: Juta, 2001-.

3.7. Bangladesh

• The Code of Civil Procedure 1908, edited by Kazi Azizur Rahman, Dhaka: Rahim Law Book House, 2017.
• Laws of Bangladesh is a government website hosting primary source documents, including the Civil Procedure Rules.
• Rabbani, Mohammed Gholam, The Code of Civil Procedure: Concept, Comment, and Case, Dhaka: Dhaka Law Reports, 2008.

3.8. Belgium

• BelgiumLex provides a variety of legal resources available in English.
• Introduction to Belgian Law, 2d ed., edited by Marc Kruithof and Walter De Bondt, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2017.
• Juridat contains the Belgian Official Gazette and court resources. Online information is also available from the government resource E-Justice, including the Civil Procedure Code.
• Kohl, Alphonse & Block, Guy, Droit Judiciere, Brussels: Larcier Legal, 2021.
• Questions qui Dérangent en Droit Judiciaire, edited by Boularbah, Hakim, Limal: Anthemis, 2021.
• Taelman, Piet, Civil Procedure in Belgium, Alphen aan den Rihn, Kluwer Law International, 2018.

3.9. Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Čizmić, Jozo, Komentar Zakona o Parničnom Postupku Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo: Privredna štampa, 2016.
• Čizmić, Jozo, Nadležnost Sudova u Parničnom Postupku, Sarajevo: Privredna štampa, 2021.
• Cimirotić, Muhamed, Praktikum za Parnični Postupak: Novelirani Zakon o Parničnom Postupku, Sarajevo: Privredna štampa, 2018. Includes forms.
• Code of Civil Procedure, International Labor Organization (ILO).
• Omanović, Sanjin, Civil Procedure: Radovi, Sarajevo: University Press, 2003.
• Paragraf is a commercial resource that provides online access to Bosnian legal materials.
• The Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina website contains texts of laws.

3.10. Brazil

• Comentários ao Código de Processo Civil, edited by Luiz Guilherme Marinoni, São Paulo: Thomson Reuters, Revista dos Tribunais, 2021.
• Fundamentos Objetivos e o Novo Processo Civil Brasileiro, edited by Marco Félix Jobim, Londrina/PR: Thoth Editora, 2021.
• Pinho, Humberto Dalla Bernardina de, Civil Procedure in Brazil, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2020.
• The Presidency of the Republic website contains many primary source laws in Portuguese, including the Civil Procedure Code and the Civil Code.

3.11. Bulgaria

• Code of Civil Procedure, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• Lex.bg is a commercial source for legal information.
• Stalev, Zhivko, Bŭlgarsko Grazhdansko Protsesualno Pravo, Sofia: Ciela, 2020.

3.12. Cabo Verde

• The Constitutional Court provides online access to the Rules of Civil Procedure.
• Parliament provides online access to legal texts.
• Pires, Cândida da Silva Antunes, O Novo Processo Civil de Cabo Verde, Praia: OACV, 2011.

3.13. Canada

• Abrams, Linda and Kevin P. McGuinness, Canadian Civil Procedure Law, Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis, 2010.
• Advocates’ Quarterly: A Canadian Journal for Practitioners of Civil Litigation, Agincourt, Ont: Canada Law Book, 1977-.
• Basic Principles
• The Government of Canada makes the Rules of Civil Procedure available online.

3.14. Chile

• Chile’s Congressional Library contains online versions of different code sections, including the Code of Civil Procedure.
• Código de Procedimiento Civil: Sistematizado con Jurisprudencia/Equipo editorial Thomson Reuters, Santiago: Thomson Reuters, 2020.
• Díaz Uribe, Claudio, Curso de derecho procesal civil. Santiago: Editorial ConoSur: LexisNexis, 2004. Two volumes.
• Hernández de Lamotte, Diego, Código de Procedimiento Civil: Anotaciones y Concordancias, Indice Temático, Titulos de Artículos del Cuerpo del Código y de las Normas del Apéndice, Santiago: Thomson Reuters, 2021.
• Meneses Pacheco, Claudio, Estudios Sobre el Proceso Civil Chileno, Valparaiso, Prolibros Ediciones, 2017.
• Pinochet Cantwell, Francisco, Derecho Procesal Civil: Temas Fundamentales, Santiago: Editorial de Derecho, 2019.
• Schopf, Adrián, García, William, La responsabilidad extracontractual en la jurisprudencia. Santiago: Lexis Nexis, 2007.

3.15. China (People’s Republic of)

• Chow, Daniel C.K., The Legal System of the People’s Republic of China in a Nutshell, St Paul: West Academic Publishing, 2015.
• The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China: English Translation, edited by Lei Chen, Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill Nijhoff, 2021.
• Laws of the PRC provides online access to laws in both English and Chinese, including the Code of Civil Procedure.
• Liu, Mingsheng, Min shi su song fa shi li yan xi = Civil Procedure Law, Tai bei shi: yuan zhao chu ban gong si, 2021.
• Lu, Tailang, Min shi su song fa, Taibei Shi Yuan zhao chu ban you xian gong si, 2021.
• Luo, Wei, The Civil Procedure Law and Court Rules of the People’s Republic of China, Buffalo: Hein, 2006.
• Peking University Law School provides English and Chinese legal information.

3.16. Colombia

• Civil Procedure Code, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• Henao Carrasquilla, Oscar Eduardo, Código General del Proceso: Anotado, Bogota: UniAcademia Leyer, 2019.
• LegislacionARL provides online access to Colombian laws, including the Civil Procedure Code.
• Sanabria Santos, Henry Norberto, Derecho Procesal Civil General, Bogota: Universidad Externado de Colombia 2021.
• The Senate provides access to legislation and laws online.

3.17. Costa Rica

• Artavia Barrantes, Sergio, Breves Explicaciones al Código Procesal Civil, San Jose: Editorial Jurídica Faro, 2018.
• The Attorney General website provides access to legislation online, including the Code of Civil Procedure and the Civil Code.
• Peterson, Roger A., Legal Guide to Costa Rica, San Jose: Amerilatin Consultores, S.A., 2009.
• Picada Vargas, Carlos Adolfo, Reforma Procesal Civil Práctica: Concordado, Explicado, con Esquemas, Definiciones, Comentarios Puntuales y Respuestas a Preguntas Prácticas de Uso Común, San Jose: Investigaciones Jurídicas S.A., 2018.

3.18. Croatia

• Code of Civil Procedure, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• Introduction to the Law of Croatia, edited by Tatjana Josipović, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2014.
• The Legal Gazette is also available online.
• Zakon o Parničnom Postupku: Redakcijski Pročišćeni Tekst s Napomenama, Sudskom Praksom, Setencama i Bilješkama, Zagreb: Vizura, 2019.
• Zakon: Text of laws available online.

3.19. Czechia

• Code of Civil Procedure, International Labor Organization (ILO).
• Czech Parliament website provides access to Czech legislative information.
• Drápal, Ljubomír, Bureš, Jaroslav et al., Občanský soudní řád: komentář. Volumes I – II, Praha: C.H. Beck, 2009.
• Macková, Alena, Civil Procedure in the Czech Republic, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2019.
• Ministry of Interior provides online access to a variety of Czech legal resources.
• Svoboda, Karel, Občanský Soudní řád: Komentář, V Praze: Beck, 2021.
• Svoboda, Karel, Smolík, Petr, Levý, Jiří, Šínová, Renáta et al., Občanský soudní řád: komentář, Praha: C. H. Beck, 2013.
• Zahradníková, Radka, Civilní Právo Procesní, Plzen: Vydavatelství a nakladatelství Aleš Čeněk, 2018.

3.20. Denmark

• Denmark Karnovs lovsamling. København: Karnov, 1978-. This is the official running compilation of Danish Laws and Codes.
• Gomard, Bernhard, Civilprocessen. Kobenhavn: Gad Jura, 2020. Eighth edition of a much-respected Danish book covering all the aspects of the law on civil procedure and the courts.
• Juraportal: The main gateway to legal information resources. The site provides an overview as well as instructions in researching Danish legal resources. Maintained by the faculty of law, University of Copenhagen.
• Lovtidende: The official versions of new statutory laws appear in the official journal Lovtidende A (1871- ).
• Retsinformation: provides access to written statutory and regulatory legal sources, www.retsinformation.dk.
• Werlauff, Erik, Civil Procedure in Denmark. 2d revised edition. Copenhagen: DJOF; Norwell: Kluwer International, 2017.

3.21. Dominican Republic

• Alarcon, Edynson, Hermenéutica II: Temas de Procedimiento civil y Otras Materias, Bella Vista: Libreria Juridica Internacional, 2018.
• Alarcon, Edynson, Recursos del Procedimiento Civil: Recursos Comentados, Bella Vista: Lireria Juridica Internacional, 2016.
• Biaggi Lama, Juan A., Suplemento, un Quinquenio de Jurisprudencia en Materia de Procedimiento Civil, 2015-2019, Bella Vista: Libreria Juridica Internacional, 2020.
• The Civil Code is also available from the Organization of American States (OAS).
• LexLata is a commercial resource providing access to Dominican legal information and resources.
• The Observatorio Judicial Dominicano provides online access to Dominican legal documents, including the Code of Civil Procedure.

3.22. Ecuador

• Buenaño Loja, Richard, Código Orgánico General de Procesos: Teoría y Práctica con Audiencias, Los Rios: Editorial Juridica, 2018.
• Bustamente, Josemaria, Civil Procedure in Ecuador, Alphen aan den Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2020.
• The Civil Procedure Code is available from the Argentine National Library.

3.23. European Union

• Broberg, Morten P., Broberg and Fenger on Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice, 3d ed. Oxford University Press, 2021.
• Directory of Legislation in Force.
• Europa: The official website of the European Union. It provides access to official EU documents. See Europa’s list of databases.
• European e-Justice Portal – National justice systems (europa.eu) provides coverage of most EU jurisdictions with commentaries and explanations of judicial procedures for each country.
• European Traditions in Civil Procedure, edited by C.H. van Rhee. Antwerpen: Intersentia, 2005. Explores the main trends in several European jurisdictions during the 19th and 20th centuries.
• Europäisches Zivilprozess– und Kollisionsrecht: EuZPR/EuIPR: Kommentar / Herausgegeben von Thomas Rauscher; kommentiert von Markus Fehrenbach, Köln: Schmidt, Otto, 2022-.
• EUR-Lex: The portal to European law; free legal database maintained by the European Commission that contains the most current EU legal information, the full text of treaties, legislation, court decisions, and other official documents. Consolidated versions of legislation are also available.
• EU-Zivilprozessrecht: EuGVVO, AVAG, VTVO, MahnVO, BagatelVO, HZU, EuZVO, HBU, EuBVO: Kommentar erlautert von Peter F. Schlosser. Munchen: Beck, 2021.
• Civil procedure in the European Union, edited by Paolo Biavati, Carlo Rasia, Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
• Lawtel EU: Legal database with fast, easy, intuitive access to the law. Offers a unique range of information from case law to legislation.
• LexisNexis: EUR-Lex European Union Cases, European Court of Justice Cases Selected by Butterworths, European Court Cases Selected by Butterworths, EC Decisions Relating to Competition, Human Rights Cases, Legislation & Regulations, Commentaries & Treatises, Treaties & International Agreements. Fee-based database.
• Luszcz, Viktor, European Court Procedure: A Practical Guide, Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 2020. Recent commentary on EU court practice covering new court procedures from 2015/2016.
• PreLex: Contains the documents issued at each step of the legislative process.
• Storskrubb, Eva, Civil Procedure and EU Law: A Policy Area Uncovered, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
• Westlaw: Cases, Legislation, Official Journal C Series, Treaties, Preparatory Acts, Cases, Legislation & Regulations, Current Awareness, Journals & Periodicals, by practice area. Fee-based database.

3.24. Estonia

• EstLex is a commercial database providing coverage of Estonian legal materials.
• The Estonian Riiga (Parliament) provides online sources of Estonian laws translated to English, including the Code of Civil Procedure.
• Grazhdanskiĭ Protsessualʹnyĭ Kodeks, Tallinn: Bi-Info, 2002.

3.25. Finland

• FinLex contains legal materials in Finnish and Swedish, with select coverage available in English, including the Code of Judicial Procedure.
• Lakikirja 2008: Yksityis-, Rikos- ja Prosessioikeus, Helsinki: Edita, 2007.
• Niemi-Kiesiläinen, Johanna, Civil Procedure in Finland.
• The Supreme Administrative Court of Finland provides relevant legal information online in English, including the Code of Judicial Procedure.

3.26. France

• Buffet, Jean, Droit et Patique de la Cassation en Matière Civile. 2ème ed. Paris: Litec, 2003. Takes a very practical approach to appellate procedure in France.
• Code de Procédure Civile, edited by Lois Cadiet. Edition 2022. Paris: LexisNexis/Litec, 2021. Annual.
• Dalloz is a commercial subscription database providing access to a variety of French legal resources, including codes and cases.
• The French Code of Civil Procedure in English. Dobbs Ferry: Oceana, 2004-. Unique running edition of the French Code of Civil Proceeding in English. Annual.
• Guinchard, Serge, Procédure Civile: Droit interne et Droit de l’Union européenne, Paris: Dalloz, 2012.
• Introduction to French Law, edited by George A. Bermann & Etienne Picard, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2012.
• Légifrance is a French government website that provides up-to-date legislative information and includes access to different code sections, including the Code of Civil Procedure and the Civil Code.

3.27. Ghana

• Marful-Sau, Samuel, A Practical Guide to Civil Procedure in Ghana, Accra: Adwinsa Publications (GH) Ltd., 2017.
• Mensah, Kwamina, The Annotated High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules, Accra, 2017.
• Rules of Civil Procedure, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• Tettah, S. Kwami, Civil Procedure, Accra, 2011.

3.28. Germany

• Beck Online is the online database for Beck publishing and contains a variety of German legal resources.
• The German Commercial Code & Code of Civil Procedure: in English. Translated from German by Charles E. Stewart. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 2001.
• German Federal Government and Gesetze im Internet (Statutes on the Internet). Major laws online include the Code of Civil Procedure and the Civil Code. Select coverage in English.
• German Law in English (archive).
• Handbuch des chinesischen Zivilprozessrechts: Analyse und Materialien, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018.
• Juris is a commercial database covering a variety of German legal resources including legislation and case law.
• The Legal System of Germany, edited by Alain A. Levasseur, J. Randall Trahan, David Gruning, Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2021.
• Murray, Peter L., & Sturner, Rolf, German Civil Justice, Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2015. Reprint of 2004 edition.
• Zivilprozessordnung: mit FamFG ([Paragraphen]1-185, 200-270) und Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz, den Einführungsgesetzen, mit Internationalem Zivilprozessrecht, EuGVVO und weiteren EU-Verordnungen, Kostenanmerkungen: Kommentar.
• Zivilprozessordnung und Nebengesetze: Grosskommentar.
• ZZP Int Zeitschrift fur Zivilprozess. Internationalen Zivilprozessrechts. Koln: Carl Heymann Verlag, 1996-. Annual.

3.29. Greece

• Gesiou-Phaltsē, P, Civil Procedure in Greece, Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
• The Greek Ministry of Justice contains text of laws including the Civil Code.
• Kōdikas Politikēs Dikonomias: Hermēneia Kat’ Arthro = Code of Civil Procedure, Athēna: Nomikē Vivliothēkē, 2019.
• The National Gazette is also available online.

3.30. Guatemala

• Civil Procedure Code, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• The Guatemalan Congress provides access to legislative information online.
• Lexadin provides access to Guatemalan laws and other legal resources.
• Salazar Barrios, Gilberto, Procesal Civil Práctico: Casos Completos y Temas Conexo, Guatemala, C.A.: Ediciones Jurídicas Especiales, 2016.

3.31. Haiti

• The Civil Procedure Code is available from the Library of Congress.
• Code de Procédure Civile, Port-au-Prince, Haïti: Éditions La Perichole, 2013.

3.32. Honduras

• Code of Civil Procedure, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• The Congreso Nacional provides online access to legislative information with select coverage in English.
• Deras Enamorado, Ethel Suyapa, Los Procesos Declarativos: Comentarios, Libro IV del Código Procesal Civil (proceso ordinario), Tegucigalpa: OIM Editorial, 2015.
• Díaz, Arlex A, Tratado de Derecho Procesal Civil, Tegucigalpa: Carmina Editores, 2011.
• Lexadin contains many Honduran legal materials.
• Toro Peña, Juan Antonio, Código Procesal Civil: Brevemente Comentado, Tegucigalpa: OIM Editorial, 2011.

3.33. Hong Kong

• Cameron, Camille, Principles and Practice of Civil Procedure in Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell Asia, 2009.
• E-Legislation Hong Kong provides up-to-date legislative information available in English, including the District Court Rules.
• The Government Gazette is available online and contains laws, orders, regulations, rules, and ordinances.
• Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: LexisNexis, 2011-.
• Hong Kong Civil Procedure. Annual. Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell Asia, 2007-.
• Hong Kong Civil Jurisdiction Handbook, Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell Asia, 2008.

3.34. Hungary

• The Library of the Hungarian Parliament provides access to online legislative information with select materials available in English.
• The National Legislation Database provides access to Hungarian legislation online with some materials available in English, including the Code of Civil Procedure.
• Polgári Eljárásjog: Kommentár a Gyakorlat Számára / Szerkesztő, edited by Petrik Ferenc, Budapest: HVG-ORAC Lap- és Könyvkiadó Kft., 2021.

3.35. Iceland

• The Icelandic Government website provides access to some code sections online through their library. Translations into English are available.
• The Icelandic Legal Gazette is available online.
• Símon Sigvaldason, Dómar um Almennt Einkamálaréttarfar 2003-2012, Reykjavík: Bókaútgáfan Codex, 2013.

3.36. India

• Agrawal, K.B., Civil Procedure in India, Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2016.
• Bhagat, Y.P., Civil Court: Practice and Procedure, New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2014.
• Civil Procedure Rules, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• Current Indian Statutes, Chandigarh.
• India Code is an online repository of all Indian legislation.
• Ramachandran, R., Lawmann’s Supreme Court Digest on Civil Procedure, New Delhi: Kamal Publishers, 2019.
• Sarkar, M.C., Civil Court Practice and Procedure Manual, Gurgaon, Haryana, India: LexisNexis, 2022.
• Sarvaria, S.K., The Code of Civil Procedure: Act V of 1908, New Delhi: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2007.
• Four-volume update to the work by Dinshah Fardunji Mullah.
• SCC Online Web Edition, Commercial database providing a comprehensive database of laws, consolidated laws, cases, and articles.

3.37. Ireland

• Biehler, Hilary, Delaney and McGrath on Civil Procedure, Dublin, Thompson Reuters, 2018.
• Byrne, Raymond, Byrne and McCutcheon on the Irish Legal System, Dublin, Bloomsbury, 2020.
• Civil Litigation, edited by Colette Reed, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
• Collins, Anthony M., Civil Proceedings and the State, Dublin, Thomson Reuters, 2019.
• The Irish Courts post their Court Rules online.
• Irish Statute Book provides online access to legislation and other Irish legal materials.

3.38. Israel

• Civil Law Procedure Regulations, 5744-1984, translation by Aryeh Greenfield, Haifa, A.G. Publications, 2017.
• Civil Procedure Regulations, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• The Knesset (Parliament) provides access to legislative information online.
• Shaked, Jacob, Seder ha-din ha-ezrahi he-hadash = The New Civil Procedure, Tel Aviv: Bursi, 2020.
• Takdin is an Israeli Law database providing access to legislative texts and case decisions.
• Zemach, Yaacov S., The Judiciary of Israel, 3d ed., Institute of Judicial Training for Judges, 2002. English translation.

3.39. Italy

• Civil Procedure Code
• Codice di procedura civile.
• Codice di procedura civile: annotato con la giurisprudenza. Giovanni Novelli; Stefano Petitti, editori. Milano: Giuffre, 2013.
• Codice di procedura civile: rassegna di giurisprudenza e di dottrina.
• Mandrioli, Crisanto. Diritto processuale civile. Four volumes. Torino: Giappichelli, 2017.
• Punzi, Carmine. Il processo civile: sistema e problematiche. Torino: Giappichelli, 2015.

3.40. Japan

• The Cabinet Secretariat provides online access to Japanese laws, including the Civil Code.
• Doing Business in Japan, edited by Zentaro Kitagawa, New Providence: LexisNexis, 2010-.
• Goodman, Carl F., Justice and Civil Procedure in Japan, Dobbs Ferry: Oceana Publications, 2004.
• The Japanese government provides unofficial English-language translations of Japanese law on its website Japanese Law Translation. The Code of Civil Procedure is available.
• Kobayashi, Hideyuki, Kōshō kara soshō e: kōshō riron kara mita minji soshō = From Negotiation to Civil Procedure, Tōkyō-to Toshima-ku: Nihon Hyōronsha, 2022.
• Okaguchi, Kiichi, Minji soshō manyuaru: shoshiki no pointo to jitsumu, Tōkyō-to Chūō-ku: Gyōsei, 2021.

3.41. Kenya

• Bwonwong’a, Momanyi, Civil Procedure in Kenya, Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2012.
• Civil Procedure Act, Nairobi, Kenya: LawAfrica Publishing (K) Limited, 2018.
• Kenya Law is an online resource that provides access to Kenyan legal resources, including a version of the Civil Procedure Rules.
• Kyobika, Emmanuel, Concept of Civil Procedure in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya: LawAfrica Publishing (K) Ltd.
• Ouma, Steve, A Commentary on the Civil Procedure Act Cap 21, Nairobi, Kenya: LawAfrica, 2013.

3.42. Latvia

• Bukovskis, Vladimirs, Civīlprocesa Macības Grāmata, Rīgā, 2015.
• Civilprocesa Likums, Rīga: Firma “AFS,” 2019.
• Code of Civil Procedure, International Labor Organization (ILO).
• The Latvian Gazette is available online.
• LIKUMI, or the Legal Acts of the Republic of Latvia, provides online access to laws including the Civil Code, frequently available in English.

3.43. Lithuania

• Driukas, Artūras, Civilinis Procesas: Teorija ir Praktika: Vadovėlis, Vilnius: Teisinės informacijos centras, 2007.
• InfoLex is an online database providing access to legal information and resources.
• Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinio Proceso Kodeksas, Vilnius: Saulelė, 2020.
• The Lithuanian Parliament (Seimas) has an online database for legislative information including the Code of Civil Procedure.

3.44. Luxembourg

• Civil Procedure Code, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• LegiLux provides online access to legislative information and texts of laws.
• Menétrey, Séverine, Procédure Civile Luxembourgeoise: Approche Comparative, Bruxelles: Éditions Larcier, 2016.
• Perrot, Guy, Nouveau Code de Procédure Civile, Betrang: Legitech, 2021.
• Vogel, Gaston, Procédure Civile, Luxembourg: Promoculture Larcier, 2018.

3.45. Malaysia

• CLJ is a commercial database providing access to Malaysian legal resources.
• Malaysian Civil Procedure 2021, Subang Jaya, Selangor: Sweet & Maxwell: Thomson Reuters, 2021.
• The Malaysian Gazette is available online.
• The Malaysian Parliament provides online access to legal texts.
• Nekoo, Ravindran, Malaysian Civil Procedure and Practice: a Comprehensive Explanation on the Processes & Procedures in the Civil Court, Ampang, Selangor Darul Ehsan: CLJ Publication, 2018.
• The Office of the Chief Registrar of the Federal Courts provides online access to legal information including the procedural rules in civil cases and general information about the civil process in court.

3.46. Mexico

• Bucio Estrada, Rodolfo, El Proceso Ordinario Civil Federal y su Ejecución, Ciudad de Mexico: Editorial Porrua, 2018.
• Códigos Federal y Para el Distrito Federal de Procedimientos Civiles: Correlacionados, Ciudad de México: Tribunal Superior de Justicia, Ciudad de México: Anales Jurisprudencia, TSJCDMX 2017.
• Institute for Legal Studies (UNAM) provides online access to a variety of judicial and legislative resources.
• Ley de Amparo: Código Federal de Procedimientos Civiles, Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial de la Federación, edited by Miguel Carbonell, Ciudad de México: Tirant lo Blanch, 2019.
• The Mexican Legislature (Camara de Diputados) provides online access to legislation, including the Civil Procedure Code.
• Peña Oviedo, Víctor, Derecho Procesal Civil y Familiar: Procedimiento del Juicio Oral, Civil y Familiar, Ciudad de México: Flores Editor y Distribuidor, Editorial Flores, 2018.
• Torres Estrada, Alejandro, El Proceso Ordinario Civil, 3d ed., Mexico, D.F., Oxford University Press, 2012.

3.47. Mongolia

• Irgėniĭ khuulʹ, irgėniĭ khėrėg shu̇u̇khėd khianan shiĭdvėrlėkh tukhaĭ khuul.
• Kharʹtsuulsan irgėniĭ ėrkh zu̇ĭ.
• The Mongolian government provides access to laws in both Mongolian and English, including the Law on Civil Procedure.

3.48. Montenegro

• Civil Procedure Code, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• Montenet is a database that provides online access to Montenegrin legal resources.
• The Montenegrin Gazette is available online.
• Zakon o Parničnom Postupku Crne Gore: sa Uvodnim Napomenama, Uputstvima za Praktičnu Primjenu i Stvarnim Registrom.

3.49. The Netherlands

• The Civil Code of the Netherlands, translation from the Dutch by Hans Warendorf, Richard Thomas, and Ian Curry-Sumner, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2013 (2d ed.).
• De Rechtspraak, official Dutch judiciary site, includes cases and laws.
• Den Taankelar, J.D.A., Rechtsvordering na de Spoedwet-KEI: Het gewijzigde Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering becommentarieerd vanuit de parlementaire geschiedenis van de KEI-wetgeving, Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers, 2020.
• Dutch Civil Law provides access to many different Dutch legal resources, including sections of the Dutch Civil Procedure Code.
• Hooijdonk, Marieke van, and Peter V. Eijsvoogel, Litigation in the Netherlands: Civil Procedure, Arbitration and Administrative Litigation, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2012.
• Wetboek-Online provides access to a variety of Dutch legal materials, including the Dutch Civil Code.
• Wetteksten Burgerlijk Wetboek, Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering, Deventer: Kluwer Juridische Uitgevers, 2020.

3.50. New Zealand

• Beck, Andrew, Principles of Civil Procedure, Wellington, N.Z.: Brookers, 2001.
• Brookers Civil Practice Handbook, Wellington: Thomson/Brookers, 2006.
• Casey, Matthew, Annotated High Court Rules, Wellington: LexisNexis NZ Limited, 2018.
• New Zealand Acts and Statutory Regulations, Wellington, 2002-.
• New Zealand Legislation authoritative source (government website) providing access to New Zealand legislation. Includes text of the District Court Rules, District Court Act, and High Court Rules.
• Knowledge Basket, commercial databases on New Zealand law.

3.51. Nigeria

• Amadi, Jerry, Modern Civil Procedure Law, Port Harcourt: Peal Publishers, 2014.
• Area Court Law and Area Court (Civil Procedure) Rules.
• Efevwerhan, D. I., Principles of Civil Procedure in Nigeria, Enugu: Snaap Press Ltd, 2018.
• Laws Nigeria provides online access to Nigerian federal and state laws, including the High Court Civil Procedure Rules.
• Kusamotu, ‘Gboyega Civil Litigation Handbook: Elements of Causes of Action and the Defences, Ikirun, Osun State, Nigeria: Sulaiman-Kush Publications, 2020.

3.52. Norway

• Backer, Inge Lorange, Norsk sivilprosess, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2015.
• Lovdata is a free source from the University of Oslo and the Norwegian Ministry of Justice, providing access to Norwegian legal resources including the Courts Act and the Dispute Act, which make up the general body of civil procedure law in Norway.
• Rettsdata is a commercial legal research resource.
• Vangsnes, Jørgen, Sivilprosess i et nøtteskall, Oslo: Gyldendal, 2018.

3.53. Philippines

• Civil Procedure Explained with 2019 Amendments and Up-to-Date Jurisprudence, Quezon City, Philippines: Central Book Supply, Inc., 2021.
• The Philippines Gazette is available online.
• The Philippines Supreme Court and judiciary provide access to the Rules of Civil Procedure online, and other legal resources.
• Rules of Civil Procedure Annotated, Quezon City, Philippines: Central Book Supply, Inc., 2021.
• Salazar, Serafin S., The Fundamentals of Civil Procedure, Manila, Rex Book Store, 2021.

3.54. Portugal

• Carvalho, José Henrique Delgado de, Temas de Processo Civil: a Prática da Teoria, Lisboa: Quid Juris Sociedade Editora, fevereiro 2019.
• Leitão, Helder Martins, A Prova no Código de Processo Civil: Como a Requerer, Porto: Librum Editora, 2017.
• Pimenta, Paulo, “Processo Civil Declarativo,” Coimbra: Almedina, 2018.
• The Portugal Gazette is available online and includes special links to different code sections, including the Civil Procedure Code and the Civil Code.
• Ramos, José Luís Bonifácio, Estudos de Direito Civil e de Direito Processual Civil, Lisboa: AAFDL Editora, 2021.
• Rodrigues, Fernando Pereira, Os Meios de Prova em Processo Civil, Almedina, 2015.

3.55. Romania

• Ciobanu, Viorel Mihai, Civil Procedure in Romania, Alphen aan den Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2016.
• Codul de Procedură Civilă 2020: Jurisprudență, Sinteze, edited by Mircea Ursuța, București: Universul Juridic, 2020.
• DSCLex provides access to Romanian laws, including the Civil Code and the Code of Civil Procedure.
• European Language Resource Coordination also makes a version of the Civil Procedure Code available online.
• Noul Cod de Procedură Civilă: Comentat și Adnotat, edited by Viorel Mlhai Ciobanu, București: Universul Juridic, 2013-2016.
• Piperea, Gheorghe, Noul Cod de Procedură Civilă: note, Corelații, Explicații, București, Beck, 2012,.
• The Romanian Gazette is available online.
• Tratat de Drept Procesual Civil, edited by Ioan Leș, București: Universul Juridic, 2020.

3.56. Russia

• The Civil Code in an English translation is available online from the Russian Patent Office (government resource).
• The Civil Code of the Russian Federation in Two Volumes, edited and translated by William Butler, Talbot Publishing, 2021.
• Civil Procedure Code, International Labor Organization (ILO).
• Kommentariĭ k Grazhdanskomu Prot︠s︡essualʹnomu Kodeksu Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii, Moscow, 2021.

3.57. Saudi Arabia

• The Saudi Arabian Gazette is available online.
• The Saudi Arabian Ministry of Justice provides access to legal documents and information in English, including an official translation of the Civil Procedure Code and an unofficial translation of the Implementing Regulations of the Code of Civil Procedure.
• Shiʻīshaʻ, Fādī Muhammad Ahmad, al-Tanzīm al-qadāʼī al-jadīd fī al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah bayna usūl wa-qawāʻid al-qadāʾ al-Islāmī wa-muhāwalāt al-tahdīth wa-al-muʻāsarah / al-Duktūr Fādī Muhammad Ahmad Shiʻīshaʻ, ustādh qānūn al-murāfaʻāt al-musāʻid bi-qism al-anzimah bi-Kullīyat al-Sharīʻah wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyah bi-Jāmiʻat al-Qasīm, Riyadh, Nashirun, 2014,. Work covering modernization of Saudi judiciary.

3.58. Serbia

• Borivoj Starović, Civil Procedure in Serbia, Alphen aan den Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2013.
• Četrdeset Godina Izvrs̆nog Aakonodavstva u Građanskim Postupcima: Zbornik Radova, edited by Nebojs̆a Šarkić, Beograd: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta Union u Beogradu: Javno preduzeće Službeni glasnik, 2018.
• Civil Procedure Law, archived by the Serbian government.
• Martić Vera, Zakon o Parničnom Postupku: Prečišćen Tekst, Beograd: Cekos, 2017.
• Paragraf is a commercial resources that provides online access to legal materials, including the Draft Civil Code.

3.59. Slovakia

• ASPI is a commercial database service by Wolters Kluwer providing online access to Slovakian law.
• Civil Procedure Code, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• Horváth, Edmund, Civilný sporový poriadok: komentár, Bratislava: Wolters Kluwer, 2018.
• Krajčo, Jaroslav, Civilný Sporový Poriadok—Judikatúra, Bratislava: Vydavatel̕stvo EUROUNION, 2018.
• Slov-Lex provides access to Slovakian legal resources, including an English translation of the Civil Procedure Code.
• Prednášky a Texty z Civilného Procesu, edited by Marek Števček, Bratislava: C.H. Beck, 2018.

3.60. Slovenia

• Civil Procedure Act, International Labor Organization.
• Galič, Aleš, Civil Procedure in Slovenia, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2020.
• PIS is the legal information system of the Slovenian government. Available in English.
• Rijavec, Vesna, Zakon o Nepravdnem Postopku (ZNP-1): Razširjena Uvodna Pojasnila, Ljubljana: Lexpera, GV Založba, 2020.
• The Slovenian National Assembly provides information and legal resources online in English.
• Štravs, Zakon, o Pravdnem Postopku: Novela ZPP-E s Komentarjem, Maribor: Poslovna Založba MB, 2017.
• Ude, Betetto, Galič et al., Pravdni Postopek: Zakon s Komentarjem, Ljubljana: Uradni list Republike Slovenije, GV založba, Ljubljana: Uradni list: GV Založba, 2005-2010.

3.61. South Africa

• Brookdryk, Theo, Eckard’s Principles of Civil Procedure in the Magistrates’ Courts, 6th ed., Lansdowne: Juta, 2019.
• Kelbrick, Roshana, & Cassim, Fawzia, Civil Procedure in South Africa, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2018.
• Peté, Stephen, Civil Procedure, a Practical Guide, 3d ed., Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa, 2017.
• Polity provides access to South African legislation online.
• The South Africa Department of Justice provides information about the courts.
• Statutes of the Republic of South Africa, Pretoria: 1961-.
• The Supreme Court Act and the Magistrates’ Court Act and Rules, Cape Town: Juta, 1992-.

3.62. South Korea

• The Korea Legislation Research Institute provides access to South Korean law, and its Korea Law Translation Center includes many English translations, including for the Code of Civil Procedure.
• LawNB, commercial resource by Thomson Reuters providing access to South Korean legal resources.
• Statutes of the Republic of Korea, Seoul: Korea Legislation Research Service, 2008, English translation.
• To, U-ram, P’an’gyŏlmun ŭl nangdok hagessŭmnida: hyŏnjik p’ansa ka sakŏn ŭl matko, modŭn iyagi rŭ̆l kyŏngch’ŏng hago, p’an’gyŏl ŭl naerigi kkaji, Sŏul T’ŭkpyŏlsi: Sigongsa, 2020.
• Yi, Si-yun, Minsa sosongpŏp immun: yŏksa sarye wa hamkke, Sŏul T’ŭkpyŏlsi: Pagyŏngsa, 2022.
• Yoon, Na-Geun, Civil Procedure in South Korea, Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2021.

3.63. Spain

• Aspectos Fundamentales de Derecho Procesal Civil.
• Boletín Oficial del Estado: The official gazette of Spain.
• Civil Procedure Code: English translation from the Ministry of Justice.
• Civil Procedure in Spain.
• Commentarios a la Ley de enjuiciamento civil: cinco anos de vigecia. Madrid: La Ley, grupo Wolters Kluwer, 2006. Very fine commentary on the law of civil procedure five years after its entry into force.
• Derecho Procesal Civil.
• Proceso Civil Practico.

3.64. Sweden

• Lagrummet, the official gateway to Swedish legal information. The portal has links to legal sources provided by the government, parliament, courts, and government agencies.
• Lindell, Bengt, Civilprocessen: Rättegaang Samtskiljeförfarande och Medling, Uppsala: Iustus Förlag, 2017.
• The Swedish Government provides online access to Swedish legislation translated into English, including the Code of Judicial Procedure.

3.65. Switzerland

• Code de Procédure, Bâle: Helbing Lichtenhahn, 2021.
• Fedlex, the publication platform for Swiss federal law, has the Civil Procedure Code available online in English.
• Heinzmann, Michel, La Procédure Simplifée: Une émanation du Procès Civil Social, Geneva: Schulthess, 2018.
• Kuntschen, Sibylle, Die antizipierte Beweiswürdigung im schweizerischen Zivilprozess, Zürich: Dike, 2021.
• Markus, Alexander R., Internationales Zivilprozessrecht, Bern: Stämpfli Verlag, 2020.
• Recueil officiel du droit fédéral, Berne: 2005-, Berne, 2005.
• Vogel, Oscar & Spühler, Karl, Grundriss des Zivilprozessrechts: und des internationalen Zivilprozessrechts der Schweiz, Bern: Stämpfli, 2006.

3.66. Taiwan (Republic of China)

• Liu, Mingsheng, Min shi su song fa shi li yan xi =Civil procedure law, Tai bei shi: yuan zhao chu ban gong si, 2021.
• Lu, Tailang, Min shi su song fa, Taibei Shi: Yuan zhao chu ban you xian gong si, 2021.
• The Ministry of Justice provides online access to Taiwanese laws, including the Code of Civil Procedure. Certain laws are available with English translations.

3.67. Uganda

• Form Examples for Civil Proceedings per the Uganda Judiciary.
• Judicature (Judicial Review) Rules 2009, per the Uganda High Court.
• Odunga, G.V., Odunga’s Digest on Civil Case Law and Procedure, Nairobi: LawAfrica Publishers, 2016.
• Ssekaana, Musa, Civil Procedure and Practice in Uganda, Nairobi: LawAfrica Publishing, 2017.
• Tumwebaze, Ayebare, Civil Practice and Procedure in Uganda, Kampala: The Barrister’s Reference Services, 2016.

3.68. Ukraine

• Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine, International Labor Organization (ILO).
• Vitiuk, Roman, Praktyka zastosuvannia novel protsesualʹnoho zakonodavstva v 2018-2021 rokakh, Kyïv: I︠U︡rinkom Inter, 2021.

3.69. United Kingdom

• Andrews, Neil. English Civil Procedure: Fundamentals of the New Civil Justice System. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
• Civil Procedure Rules, per the UK Courts.
• The Civil Procedure Rules at 20, edited by Andrew Higgins, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
• Halsbury’s Laws of England. London: LexisNexis, 2008-.
• O’Hare, John & Browne, Kevin, Civil Litigation, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2019.
• Sime, Stuart, A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure, New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. Annually updated.

3.70. United States

• Federal Civil Judicial Procedure and Rules, St. Paul: West, 2021.
• Federal Civil Rules Handbook, St. Paul: West, 2022. Annually updated.
• Glannon, Joseph W., Civil Procedure: Examples & Explanations, New York: Wolters Kluwer, 2018.
• Moore, James William, Moore’s Federal Practice, Albany: Bender, 1938-. Seminal treatise covering U.S. federal procedure.
• Rules of Civil Procedure, per the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.
• Charles Alan, Federal Practice and Procedure, 2022.